Entry
Name
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway - Xenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog)
Description
Specific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors identified as homologs of Toll in Drosophila. Mammalian TLRs are expressed on innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and respond to the membrane components of Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Pathogen recognition by TLRs provokes rapid activation of innate immunity by inducing production of proinflammatory cytokines and upregulation of costimulatory molecules. TLR signaling pathways are separated into two groups: a MyD88-dependent pathway that leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines with quick activation of NF-{kappa}B and MAPK, and a MyD88-independent pathway associated with the induction of IFN-beta and IFN-inducible genes, and maturation of dendritic cells with slow activation of NF-{kappa}B and MAPK.
Class
Organismal Systems; Immune system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
xtr04620 Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Ortholog table
Organism
Xenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog) [GN:
xtr ]
Gene
448118 rac1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 [KO:K04392 ]
780390 pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
100144924 pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
549983 pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
100486835 pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
100497001 pik3r2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
549591 myd88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729 ]
733541 tirap; toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein [KO:K05403 ]
549217 tab1; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 1 [KO:K04403 ]
100037849 tab2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404 ]
100486083 nfkb1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580 ]
100270675 cd40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 precursor [KO:K03160 ]
779845 ifnar2.1; interferon (alpha, beta and omega) receptor 2, gene 1 precursor [KO:K05131 ]
780397 stat1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220 ]
100170174 stat2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 [KO:K11221 ]
Reference
Authors
Kawai T, Akira S.
Title
TLR signaling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
O'Neill LA, Bowie AG.
Title
The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Honda K, Taniguchi T.
Title
IRFs: master regulators of signalling by Toll-like receptors and cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Uematsu S, Akira S.
Title
Toll-like receptors and Type I interferons.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O.
Title
Pathogen recognition and innate immunity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yamamoto M, Takeda K, Akira S.
Title
TIR domain-containing adaptors define the specificity of TLR signaling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Means TK, Hayashi F, Smith KD, Aderem A, Luster AD.
Title
The Toll-like receptor 5 stimulus bacterial flagellin induces maturation and chemokine production in human dendritic cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Aderem A, Smith KD.
Title
A systems approach to dissecting immunity and inflammation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Banerjee A, Gerondakis S.
Title
Coordinating TLR-activated signaling pathways in cells of the immune system.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Loniewski KJ, Patial S, Parameswaran N.
Title
Sensitivity of TLR4- and -7-induced NF kappa B1 p105-TPL2-ERK pathway to TNF-receptor-associated-factor-6 revealed by RNAi in mouse macrophages.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Arbibe L, Mira JP, Teusch N, Kline L, Guha M, Mackman N, Godowski PJ, Ulevitch RJ, Knaus UG.
Title
Toll-like receptor 2-mediated NF-kappa B activation requires a Rac1-dependent pathway.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Uematsu S, Akira S.
Title
Toll-like receptors and innate immunity.
Journal
Related pathway
xtr04060 Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
KO pathway
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