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Elongated temporal styloid process

MedGen UID:
1053928
•Concept ID:
CN376556
•
Finding
Synonym: Temporal styloid process elongated
 
HPO: HP:6000044

Definition

The length of the temporal styloid process is above the upper limit of normal. The styloid process is a cylindrical, slender, needle-like projection of varying lengths averaging 2 to 3 cm. The styloid process projects from the inferior part of the petrous temporal bone and offers attachment to the stylohyoid ligament and the stylohyoid, stylopharyngeus, and styloglossus muscles. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVElongated temporal styloid process

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Diagnosis and treatment of Eagle's syndrome and possible complications.
Kozakovičová V, Onderka A, Res O, Stránský J, Kondé A, Štembírek J
Acta Chir Plast 2023;65(3-4):98-105. doi: 10.48095/ccachp202398. PMID: 38538296
Own experience in the diagnosis and treatment of elongated styloid process syndrome.
Wacławek M, Pietkiewicz P, Niewiadomski P, Olszewski J
Otolaryngol Pol 2020 Sep 9;75(2):21-27. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.3666. PMID: 33949312
Eagle's syndrome: embryology, anatomy, and clinical management.
Fusco DJ, Asteraki S, Spetzler RF
Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012 Jul;154(7):1119-26. Epub 2012 May 26 doi: 10.1007/s00701-012-1385-2. PMID: 22638594

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Prevalence and features of elongated styloid process on imaging studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Nogueira-Reis F, de Oliveira Reis L, Fontenele RC, Freitas DQ, Tabchoury CPM
Clin Oral Investig 2022 Feb;26(2):1199-1215. Epub 2021 Nov 20 doi: 10.1007/s00784-021-04285-w. PMID: 34800204
Evaluating the relation between the elongated styloid process and the ponticulus posticus using cone-beam computed tomography.
Shahidi S, Hasani M, Khozaei M
Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2022;81(1):196-202. Epub 2021 Feb 9 doi: 10.5603/FM.a2021.0006. PMID: 33559116
Own experience in the diagnosis and treatment of elongated styloid process syndrome.
Wacławek M, Pietkiewicz P, Niewiadomski P, Olszewski J
Otolaryngol Pol 2020 Sep 9;75(2):21-27. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.3666. PMID: 33949312
The eagle jugular syndrome.
Zamboni P, Scerrati A, Menegatti E, Galeotti R, Lapparelli M, Traina L, Tessari M, Ciorba A, De Bonis P, Pelucchi S
BMC Neurol 2019 Dec 21;19(1):333. doi: 10.1186/s12883-019-1572-3. PMID: 31864313Free PMC Article
Elongated styloid process: an overview.
Murthy PS, Hazarika P, Mathai M, Kumar A, Kamath MP
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990 Aug;19(4):230-1. doi: 10.1016/s0901-5027(05)80398-4. PMID: 2120364

Diagnosis

Management of eagle syndrome.
Sharifi A, Kouhi A
Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023 Aug 1;31(4):276-280. Epub 2023 Jun 8 doi: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000903. PMID: 37387673
Eagle's syndrome.
Egierska D, Perszke M, Kurianowicz I
Pol Merkur Lekarski 2021 Dec 16;49(294):458-460. PMID: 34919094
Stylohyoid Syndrome.
Willett GM, Walker TF, Norton NS
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019 Aug;49(8):621. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2019.8759. PMID: 31366296
Eagle's Syndrome.
Elimairi I, Baur DA, Altay MA, Quereshy FA, Minisandram A
Head Neck Pathol 2015 Dec;9(4):492-5. Epub 2014 Dec 24 doi: 10.1007/s12105-014-0599-4. PMID: 25537830Free PMC Article
Eagle syndrome.
Ferreira PC, Mendanha M, Frada T, Carvalho J, Silva A, Amarante J
J Craniofac Surg 2014 Jan;25(1):e84-6. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000000392. PMID: 24406612

Therapy

Internal carotid artery dissection caused by elongated styloid process.
Hayashi S, Kumai T, Kishibe K, Takahara M, Katada A, Hayashi T
Auris Nasus Larynx 2023 Dec;50(6):968-972. Epub 2023 Feb 8 doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2023.01.011. PMID: 36764863
Elongation pattern of styloid process in Saudi population: a factor to remember in the prevention of eagle syndrome.
Alsweed A, Almutairi BM
Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2022;81(3):701-706. Epub 2021 Aug 6 doi: 10.5603/FM.a2021.0077. PMID: 34355784
Carotid Stent Fracture from Stylocarotid Syndrome.
Hooker JD, Joyner DA, Farley EP, Khan M
J Radiol Case Rep 2016 Jun;10(6):1-8. Epub 2016 Jun 30 doi: 10.3941/jrcr.v10i6.1618. PMID: 27761179Free PMC Article
An intraoral surgical approach to the styloid process in Eagle's syndrome.
Chrcanovic BR, Custódio AL, de Oliveira DR
Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009 Sep;13(3):145-51. doi: 10.1007/s10006-009-0164-6. PMID: 19621249
Elongated styloid process (Eagle's syndrome): a clinical study.
Prasad KC, Kamath MP, Reddy KJ, Raju K, Agarwal S
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002 Feb;60(2):171-5. doi: 10.1053/joms.2002.29814. PMID: 11815916

Prognosis

Management of eagle syndrome.
Sharifi A, Kouhi A
Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023 Aug 1;31(4):276-280. Epub 2023 Jun 8 doi: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000903. PMID: 37387673
Surgical management of patients with Eagle syndrome.
Hardin FM, Xiao R, Burkey BB
Am J Otolaryngol 2018 Sep-Oct;39(5):481-484. Epub 2018 May 9 doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2018.05.003. PMID: 29764674
Eagle's syndrome: embryology, anatomy, and clinical management.
Fusco DJ, Asteraki S, Spetzler RF
Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012 Jul;154(7):1119-26. Epub 2012 May 26 doi: 10.1007/s00701-012-1385-2. PMID: 22638594
Elongated styloid process (Eagle's syndrome): a clinical study.
Prasad KC, Kamath MP, Reddy KJ, Raju K, Agarwal S
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002 Feb;60(2):171-5. doi: 10.1053/joms.2002.29814. PMID: 11815916
Elongated styloid process: an overview.
Murthy PS, Hazarika P, Mathai M, Kumar A, Kamath MP
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990 Aug;19(4):230-1. doi: 10.1016/s0901-5027(05)80398-4. PMID: 2120364

Clinical prediction guides

Styloid Process Length Variations: An Osteological Study.
Kapur E, Voljevica A, Šahinović M, Šahinović A, Arapović A
Acta Med Acad 2022 Apr;51(1):46-51. doi: 10.5644/ama2006-124.369. PMID: 35695402Free PMC Article
Prevalence and features of elongated styloid process on imaging studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Nogueira-Reis F, de Oliveira Reis L, Fontenele RC, Freitas DQ, Tabchoury CPM
Clin Oral Investig 2022 Feb;26(2):1199-1215. Epub 2021 Nov 20 doi: 10.1007/s00784-021-04285-w. PMID: 34800204
Evaluating the relation between the elongated styloid process and the ponticulus posticus using cone-beam computed tomography.
Shahidi S, Hasani M, Khozaei M
Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2022;81(1):196-202. Epub 2021 Feb 9 doi: 10.5603/FM.a2021.0006. PMID: 33559116
The eagle jugular syndrome.
Zamboni P, Scerrati A, Menegatti E, Galeotti R, Lapparelli M, Traina L, Tessari M, Ciorba A, De Bonis P, Pelucchi S
BMC Neurol 2019 Dec 21;19(1):333. doi: 10.1186/s12883-019-1572-3. PMID: 31864313Free PMC Article
Styloid Process of the Temporal Bone: Morphometric Analysis and Clinical Implications.
Custodio AL, Silva MR, Abreu MH, Araújo LR, de Oliveira LJ
Biomed Res Int 2016;2016:8792725. Epub 2016 Sep 15 doi: 10.1155/2016/8792725. PMID: 27703982Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Eagle jugular syndrome accompanied by de novo brainstem cavernous malformation: a case-based systematic review.
Motoyama Y, Sasaki H, Nakajima T, Hayami H, Matsuoka R, Fukutome K, Tei R, Shin Y, Aketa S
Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2024 Jan 17;166(1):20. doi: 10.1007/s00701-024-05900-x. PMID: 38231302
Prevalence and features of elongated styloid process on imaging studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Nogueira-Reis F, de Oliveira Reis L, Fontenele RC, Freitas DQ, Tabchoury CPM
Clin Oral Investig 2022 Feb;26(2):1199-1215. Epub 2021 Nov 20 doi: 10.1007/s00784-021-04285-w. PMID: 34800204
The validity of panoramic radiograph as a diagnostic method for elongated styloid process: A systematic review.
Bruno G, De Stefani A, Barone M, Costa G, Saccomanno S, Gracco A
Cranio 2022 Jan;40(1):33-40. Epub 2019 Sep 9 doi: 10.1080/08869634.2019.1665228. PMID: 31495286

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