Nephrosclerosis refers to thickening or scarring ("sclerosis") resulting from damage to the renal arterioles, also referred to as arteriosclerosis of the kidney arteries.

Agenesis, that is, failure of the kidney to develop during embryogenesis and development.

A mild form of hypospadias in which the urethra opens just under the corona glandis.

A thumb with three phalanges in a single, proximo-distal axis. Thus, this term applies if the thumb has an accessory phalanx, leading to a digit like appearance of the thumb.

A form of polydactyly in which the extra digit or digits are localized on the side of the thumb or great toe.

Hypoplasia (congenital reduction in size) of the thumb.

Syndactyly with fusion of fingers two and three.

Underdevelopment of the radius.

Missing radius bone associated with congenital failure of development.

Underdevelopment of the thenar eminence with reduced palmar soft tissue mass surrounding the base of the thumb.

Clinodactyly refers to a bending or curvature of the fifth finger in the radial direction (i.e., towards the 4th finger).

Underdevelopment of the ulna.

Visible increase in width of the hallux without an increase in the dorso-ventral dimension.

Absence of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. In contrast to the proximal phalanges of the digits 2-5, the proximal phalanx of the thumb is embryologically equivalent to the middle phalanges of the other digits, whereas the first metacarpal is embryologically of phalangeal origin and as such equivalent to the proximal phalanges of the other digits.

A bilateral form of triphalangeal thumb.

Displacement of the 3rd finger towards the radial side (i.e., towards the thumb).

A partial duplication, depending on severity leading to a broad or bifid appearance, affecting one or more of the phalanges of the thumb. As opposed to a complete duplication there is still a variable degree of fusion between the duplicated bones.

Underdevelopment of the external ear.

A type of hearing loss resulting from a combination of conductive hearing impairment and sensorineural hearing impairment.

A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound.

Laterally protruding ear that lacks antihelical folding (including absence of inferior and superior crura).

Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Inflammation of the nasolacrimal sac.

Caries is a multifactorial bacterial infection affecting the structure of the tooth. This term has been used to describe the presence of more than expected dental caries.

Developmental hypoplasia of the dental enamel.

Tooth agenesis in some form is a common human anomaly that affects approximately 20% of the population. Although tooth agenesis is associated with numerous syndromes, several case reports describe nonsyndromic forms that are either sporadic or familial in nature, as reviewed by Gorlin et al. (1990). The incidence of familial tooth agenesis varies with each class of teeth. Most commonly affected are third molars (wisdom teeth), followed by either upper lateral incisors or lower second premolars; agenesis involving first and second molars is very rare. Also see 114600 and 302400. Selective tooth agenesis without associated systemic disorders has sometimes been divided into 2 types: oligodontia, defined as agenesis of 6 or more permanent teeth, and hypodontia, defined as agenesis of less than 6 teeth. The number in both cases does not include absence of third molars (wisdom teeth). Faulty use of the terms, however, have confounded their use. The term 'partial anodontia' is obsolete (Salinas, 1978). Genetic Heterogeneity of Selective Tooth Agenesis Other forms of selective tooth agenesis include STHAG2 (602639), mapped to chromosome 16q12; STHAG3 (604625), caused by mutation in the PAX9 gene (167416) on chromosome 14q12; STHAG4 (150400), caused by mutation in the WNT10A gene (606268) on chromosome 2q35; STHAG5 (610926), mapped to chromosome 10q11; STHAG7 (616724), caused by mutation in the LRP6 gene (603507) on chromosome 12p13; STHAG8 (617073), caused by mutation in the WNT10B gene (601906) on chromosome 12q13; STHAG9 (617275), caused by mutation in the GREM2 gene (608832) on chromosome 1q43; STHAG10 (620173), caused by mutation in the TSPEAR gene (612920) on chromosome 21q22; and STHAGX1 (313500), caused by mutation in the EDA gene (300451) on chromosome Xq13. A type of selective tooth agenesis that was formerly designated STHAG6 has been incorporated into the dental anomalies and short stature syndrome (DASS; 601216). Of 34 unrelated patients with nonsyndromic tooth agenesis, van den Boogaard et al. (2012) found that 56% (19 patients) had mutations in the WNT10A gene (STHAG4), whereas only 3% and 9% had mutations in the MSX1 (STHAG1) and PAX9 (STHAG3) genes, respectively. The authors concluded that WNT10A is a major gene in the etiology of isolated hypodontia. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations Yu et al. (2016) observed that the most frequently missing permanent teeth in WNT10B-associated oligodontia were the lateral incisors (83.3%), whereas premolars were missing only 51.4% of the time, which they noted was a pattern 'clearly different' from the oligodontia patterns resulting from WNT10A mutations. They also stated that the selective pattern in WNT10B mutants was different from that associated with mutations in other genes, such as MSX1, in which second premolars are missing, and PAX9, in which there is agenesis of molars.

Dryness of the mouth due to salivary gland dysfunction.

An abnormally increased height of the forehead.

Decreased size of the teeth, which can be defined as a mesiodistal tooth diameter (width) more than 2 SD below mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased maximum width of tooth.

The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.

Distance between the inner canthi more than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, apparently increased distance between the inner canthi.

Blockage of the lacrimal duct.

Width of the forehead or distance between the frontotemporales is more than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or apparently increased distance between the two sides of the forehead.

Delayed tooth eruption affecting the primary dentition.

An abnormal conical morphology of the incisor tooth.

Underdevelopment of the lacrimal gland.

No identifiable superior and/or inferior lacrimal punctum.

Underdevelopment of the lacrimal puncta.

Absence of the parotid gland.

A congenital defect of development characterized by absence of the lacrimal gland.

Increase in periorbital soft tissue.

A condition in which the skin can be stretched beyond normal, and then returns to its initial position.

Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).

The presence of recurrent corneal epithelial erosions. Although most corneal epithelial defects heal quickly, some may show recurrent ulcerations.

A rupture of the cornea through which a portion of the iris protrudes.

Absence of tear secretion.

A condition characterized by a loss or deficiency of the stem cells in the limbus that are vital for re-population of the corneal epithelium and to the barrier function of the limbus.