An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the back.

Increased concentration of disaccharide in the urine.

The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk. In general, this can refer to neurological diseases but also fractures or other sources of pain that is triggered upon walking. However, in the current context gait disturbance refers to difficulty walking on the basis of a neurological or muscular disease.

Decreased height of the intervertebral disk.

An abnormal curvature of the spine in both a coronal (lateral) and sagittal (back-to-front) plane.

An abnormal accentuation of the inward curvature of the spine in the lumbar region.

An abnormally short femoral neck (which is the process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft).

An irregular surface of the vertebral end plates, which are normally relatively smooth.

A type of disproportionate short stature characterized by a short trunk but a average-sized limbs.

Early ossification of the costochondral junction, which is the joint between the ribs and costal cartilage in the front of the rib cage.

Abnormal structure of the odontoid process, which is a part of the C2 or axis vertebra and forms pivot of the structures forming the craniovertebral junction. The odontoid process is also known as the dens of the axis.

A type of disproportionate short stature characterized by a short trunk but a average-sized limbs with onset in childhood.

Diminished length of the neck.

Reduced transparency of the stroma of cornea.