From HPO
Myalgia- MedGen UID:
- 68541
- •Concept ID:
- C0231528
- •
- Sign or Symptom
Pain in muscle.
Oligozoospermia- MedGen UID:
- 18162
- •Concept ID:
- C0028960
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Reduced count of spermatozoa in the semen, defined as a sperm count below 20 million per milliliter semen.
Palpitations- MedGen UID:
- 14579
- •Concept ID:
- C0030252
- •
- Finding
A sensation that the heart is pounding or racing, which is a non-specific sign but may be a manifestation of arrhythmia.
Tachycardia- MedGen UID:
- 21453
- •Concept ID:
- C0039231
- •
- Finding
A rapid heartrate that exceeds the range of the normal resting heartrate for age.
Right bundle branch block- MedGen UID:
- 88445
- •Concept ID:
- C0085615
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
A conduction block of the right branch of the bundle of His. This manifests as a prolongation of the QRS complex (greater than 0.12 s) with delayed activation of the right ventricle and terminal delay on the EKG.
Premature ventricular contraction- MedGen UID:
- 56236
- •Concept ID:
- C0151636
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Premature ventricular contractions (PVC) or ventricular extrasystoles are premature contractions of the heart that arise in response to an impulse in the ventricles rather than the normal impulse from the sinoatrial (SA) node.
Hyporeflexia- MedGen UID:
- 195967
- •Concept ID:
- C0700078
- •
- Finding
Reduction of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.
Intellectual disability- MedGen UID:
- 811461
- •Concept ID:
- C3714756
- •
- Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Periventricular white matter hyperintensities- MedGen UID:
- 927595
- •Concept ID:
- C4293686
- •
- Finding
Areas of brighter than expected signal on magnetic resonance imaging emanating from the cerebral white matter that surrounds the cerebral ventricles.
Proximal muscle weakness- MedGen UID:
- 113169
- •Concept ID:
- C0221629
- •
- Finding
A lack of strength of the proximal muscles.
Weakness of facial musculature- MedGen UID:
- 98103
- •Concept ID:
- C0427055
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Reduced strength of one or more muscles innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve).
Myotonia- MedGen UID:
- 675119
- •Concept ID:
- C0700153
- •
- Finding
An involuntary and painless delay in the relaxation of skeletal muscle following contraction or electrical stimulation.
Generalized amyotrophy- MedGen UID:
- 234650
- •Concept ID:
- C1389113
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Generalized (diffuse, unlocalized) amyotrophy (muscle atrophy) affecting multiple muscles.
Neck flexor weakness- MedGen UID:
- 334801
- •Concept ID:
- C1843637
- •
- Finding
Weakness of the muscles involved in neck flexion (sternocleidomastoid, longus capitus, longus colli, and scalenus anterior).
Type 2 muscle fiber atrophy- MedGen UID:
- 355249
- •Concept ID:
- C1864580
- •
- Pathologic Function
Atrophy (wasting) affecting primary type 2 muscle fibers. This feature in general can only be observed on muscle biopsy.
Handgrip myotonia- MedGen UID:
- 357016
- •Concept ID:
- C1868623
- •
- Finding
Difficulty releasing one's grip associated with prolonged first handgrip relaxation times.
Sternocleidomastoid amyotrophy- MedGen UID:
- 868665
- •Concept ID:
- C4023067
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Wasting of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the muscle in the anterior part of the neck that acts to flex and rotate the head.
Decreased circulating total IgM- MedGen UID:
- 116095
- •Concept ID:
- C0239989
- •
- Finding
An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in blood.
Decreased circulating IgG level- MedGen UID:
- 1720114
- •Concept ID:
- C5234937
- •
- Finding
An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in blood.
Type II diabetes mellitus- MedGen UID:
- 41523
- •Concept ID:
- C0011860
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is distinct from maturity-onset diabetes of the young (see 606391) in that it is polygenic, characterized by gene-gene and gene-environment interactions with onset in adulthood, usually at age 40 to 60 but occasionally in adolescence if a person is obese. The pedigrees are rarely multigenerational. The penetrance is variable, possibly 10 to 40% (Fajans et al., 2001). Persons with type 2 diabetes usually have an obese body habitus and manifestations of the so-called metabolic syndrome (see 605552), which is characterized by diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia.
Genetic Heterogeneity of Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes
Susceptibility to T2D1 (601283) is conferred by variation in the calpain-10 gene (CAPN10; 605286) on chromosome 2q37. The T2D2 locus (601407) on chromosome 12q was found in a Finnish population. The T2D3 locus (603694) maps to chromosome 20. The T2D4 locus (608036) maps to chromosome 5q34-q35. Susceptibility to T2D5 (616087) is conferred by variation in the TBC1D4 gene (612465) on chromosome 13q22.
A mutation has been observed in hepatocyte nuclear factor-4-alpha (HNF4A; 600281.0004) in a French family with NIDDM of late onset. Mutations in the NEUROD1 gene (601724) on chromosome 2q32 were found to cause type 2 diabetes mellitus in 2 families. Mutation in the GLUT2 glucose transporter was associated with NIDDM in 1 patient (138160.0001). Mutation in the MAPK8IP1 gene, which encodes the islet-brain-1 protein, was found in a family with type 2 diabetes in individuals in 4 successive generations (604641.0001). Polymorphism in the KCNJ11 gene (600937.0014) confers susceptibility. In French white families, Vionnet et al. (2000) found evidence for a susceptibility locus for type 2 diabetes on 3q27-qter. They confirmed the diabetes susceptibility locus on 1q21-q24 reported by Elbein et al. (1999) in whites and by Hanson et al. (1998) in Pima Indians. A mutation in the GPD2 gene (138430.0001) on chromosome 2q24.1, encoding mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, was found in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in his glucose-intolerant half sister. Mutations in the PAX4 gene (167413) have been identified in patients with type 2 diabetes. Triggs-Raine et al. (2002) stated that in the Oji-Cree, a gly319-to-ser change in HNF1-alpha (142410.0008) behaves as a susceptibility allele for type 2 diabetes. Mutation in the HNF1B gene (189907.0007) was found in 2 Japanese patients with typical late-onset type 2 diabetes. Mutations in the IRS1 gene (147545) have been found in patients with type 2 diabetes. A missense mutation in the AKT2 gene (164731.0001) caused autosomal dominant type 2 diabetes in 1 family. A (single-nucleotide polymorphism) SNP in the 3-prime untranslated region of the resistin gene (605565.0001) was associated with susceptibility to diabetes and to insulin resistance-related hypertension in Chinese subjects. Susceptibility to insulin resistance has been associated with polymorphism in the TCF1 (142410.0011), PPP1R3A (600917.0001), PTPN1 (176885.0001), ENPP1 (173335.0006), IRS1 (147545.0002), and EPHX2 (132811.0001) genes. The K121Q polymorphism of ENPP1 (173335.0006) is associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes; a haplotype defined by 3 SNPs of this gene, including K121Q, is associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, and type 2 diabetes. A SNP in the promoter region of the hepatic lipase gene (151670.0004) predicts conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes. Variants of transcription factor 7-like-2 (TCF7L2; 602228.0001), located on 10q, have also been found to confer risk of type 2 diabetes. A common sequence variant, rs10811661, on chromosome 9p21 near the CDKN2A (600160) and CDKN2B (600431) genes has been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. Variation in the PPARG gene (601487) has been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. A promoter polymorphism in the IL6 gene (147620) is associated with susceptibility to NIDDM. Variation in the KCNJ15 gene (602106) has been associated with T2DM in lean Asians. Variation in the SLC30A8 gene (611145) has been associated with susceptibility to T2D. Variation in the HMGA1 gene (600701.0001) is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Mutation in the MTNR1B gene (600804) is associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
Protection Against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Protein-truncating variants in the SLC30A8 (611145) have been associated with a reduced risk for T2D.
Elevated circulating creatine kinase concentration- MedGen UID:
- 69128
- •Concept ID:
- C0241005
- •
- Finding
An elevation of the level of the enzyme creatine kinase (also known as creatine phosphokinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) in the blood. CK levels can be elevated in a number of clinical disorders such as myocardial infarction, rhabdomyolysis, and muscular dystrophy.
Insulin insensitivity- MedGen UID:
- 350460
- •Concept ID:
- C1864570
- •
- Finding
Decreased sensitivity toward insulin.
Frontal balding- MedGen UID:
- 355251
- •Concept ID:
- C1864584
- •
- Finding
Absence of hair in the anterior midline and/or parietal areas.
Hypogonadism- MedGen UID:
- 5711
- •Concept ID:
- C0020619
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
A decreased functionality of the gonad.
Elevated circulating follicle stimulating hormone level- MedGen UID:
- 867192
- •Concept ID:
- C4021550
- •
- Finding
An elevated concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone in the blood.
Posterior subcapsular cataract- MedGen UID:
- 163646
- •Concept ID:
- C0858617
- •
- Acquired Abnormality
A type of cataract affecting the posterior pole of lens immediately adjacent to ('beneath') the Lens capsule.
Iridescent posterior subcapsular cataract- MedGen UID:
- 355246
- •Concept ID:
- C1864573
- •
- Finding
A type of posterior subcapsular cataract characterized by an iridescent color.
- Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis
- Abnormality of the cardiovascular system
- Abnormality of the endocrine system
- Abnormality of the eye
- Abnormality of the genitourinary system
- Abnormality of the immune system
- Abnormality of the integument
- Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system
- Abnormality of the nervous system
- Constitutional symptom