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Air trapping

MedGen UID:
534054
•Concept ID:
C0231819
•
Finding
Synonyms: Air Trapping; Gas Trapping
SNOMED CT: Air trapping (76171001)
 
HPO: HP:0033663

Definition

Air trapping is retention of air in the lung distal to an obstruction (usually partial). Air trapping is seen on end-expiration CT scans as parenchymal areas with less than normal increase in attenuation and lack of volume reduction. Comparison between inspiratory and expiratory CT scans can be helpful when air trapping is subtle or diffuse. [from HPO]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Mechanical ventilation and COPD: from pathophysiology to ventilatory management.
Scaramuzzo G, Ottaviani I, Volta CA, Spadaro S
Minerva Med 2022 Jun;113(3):460-470. doi: 10.23736/S0026-4806.22.07974-5. PMID: 35856181
Computed tomography in hypersensitivity pneumonitis: main findings, differential diagnosis and pitfalls.
Dias OM, Baldi BG, Pennati F, Aliverti A, Chate RC, Sawamura MVY, Carvalho CRR, Albuquerque ALP
Expert Rev Respir Med 2018 Jan;12(1):5-13. Epub 2017 Oct 26 doi: 10.1080/17476348.2018.1395282. PMID: 29048936
Assessing and accessing the small airways; implications for asthma management.
Scichilone N, Contoli M, Paleari D, Pirina P, Rossi A, Sanguinetti CM, Santus P, Sofia M, Sverzellati N
Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013 Apr;26(2):172-9. Epub 2012 Oct 13 doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.10.001. PMID: 23073337

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Mucus Plugs Persist in Asthma, and Changes in Mucus Plugs Associate with Changes in Airflow over Time.
Tang M, Elicker BM, Henry T, Gierada DS, Schiebler ML, Huang BK, Peters MC, Castro M, Hoffman EA, Fain SB, Ash SY, Choi J, Hall C, Phillips BR, Mauger DT, Denlinger LC, Jarjour NN, Israel E, Phipatanakul W, Levy BD, Wenzel SE, Bleecker ER, Woodruff PG, Fahy JV, Dunican EM
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 1;205(9):1036-1045. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202110-2265OC. PMID: 35104436Free PMC Article
Lung ultrasound in bronchiolitis.
La Regina DP, Bloise S, Pepino D, Iovine E, Laudisa M, Cristiani L, Nicolai A, Nenna R, Mancino E, Di Mattia G, Petrarca L, Matera L, Frassanito A, Midulla F
Pediatr Pulmonol 2021 Jan;56(1):234-239. Epub 2020 Nov 24 doi: 10.1002/ppul.25156. PMID: 33151023
Effect of Yoga Breathing (Pranayama) on Exercise Tolerance in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.
Kaminsky DA, Guntupalli KK, Lippmann J, Burns SM, Brock MA, Skelly J, DeSarno M, Pecott-Grimm H, Mohsin A, LaRock-McMahon C, Warren P, Whitney MC, Hanania NA
J Altern Complement Med 2017 Sep;23(9):696-704. Epub 2017 Jul 17 doi: 10.1089/acm.2017.0102. PMID: 28714735Free PMC Article
Managing Respiratory Failure in Obstructive Lung Disease.
Bergin SP, Rackley CR
Clin Chest Med 2016 Dec;37(4):659-667. Epub 2016 Sep 8 doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.07.006. PMID: 27842746
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist.
Navalesi P, Longhini F
Curr Opin Crit Care 2015 Feb;21(1):58-64. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000167. PMID: 25486574Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

CANNOT B UIP.
Capaccione KM, Shetty A, Salvatore M
Clin Imaging 2023 Jul;99:5-9. Epub 2023 Mar 8 doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2023.02.015. PMID: 37031524
MR imaging of the airways.
Biederer J
Br J Radiol 2023 Jun 1;96(1146):20220630. Epub 2023 Mar 3 doi: 10.1259/bjr.20220630. PMID: 36752590Free PMC Article
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: new concepts and classifications.
Churg A
Mod Pathol 2022 Jan;35(Suppl 1):15-27. Epub 2021 Sep 16 doi: 10.1038/s41379-021-00866-y. PMID: 34531525
Overview and Challenges of Bronchiolar Disorders.
Swaminathan AC, Carney JM, Tailor TD, Palmer SM
Ann Am Thorac Soc 2020 Mar;17(3):253-263. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201907-569CME. PMID: 31860801
Imaging of Small Airways Diseases.
Berniker AV, Henry TS
Radiol Clin North Am 2016 Nov;54(6):1165-1181. Epub 2016 Aug 11 doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2016.05.009. PMID: 27719982

Therapy

Meconium aspiration syndrome: a comprehensive review.
Osman A, Halling C, Crume M, Al Tabosh H, Odackal N, Ball MK
J Perinatol 2023 Oct;43(10):1211-1221. Epub 2023 Aug 5 doi: 10.1038/s41372-023-01708-2. PMID: 37543651
Effect of Yoga Breathing (Pranayama) on Exercise Tolerance in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.
Kaminsky DA, Guntupalli KK, Lippmann J, Burns SM, Brock MA, Skelly J, DeSarno M, Pecott-Grimm H, Mohsin A, LaRock-McMahon C, Warren P, Whitney MC, Hanania NA
J Altern Complement Med 2017 Sep;23(9):696-704. Epub 2017 Jul 17 doi: 10.1089/acm.2017.0102. PMID: 28714735Free PMC Article
Lung volume reduction for emphysema.
Shah PL, Herth FJ, van Geffen WH, Deslee G, Slebos DJ
Lancet Respir Med 2017 Feb;5(2):147-156. Epub 2016 Sep 29 doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30221-1. PMID: 27693408
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Barnes PJ, Burney PG, Silverman EK, Celli BR, Vestbo J, Wedzicha JA, Wouters EF
Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015 Dec 3;1:15076. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.76. PMID: 27189863
Beyond the guidelines: fatal and near-fatal asthma.
Rubin BK, Pohanka V
Paediatr Respir Rev 2012 Jun;13(2):106-11. Epub 2011 Jun 8 doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2011.05.003. PMID: 22475257

Prognosis

Preserved ratio impaired spirometry is associated with small airway dysfunction and reduced total lung capacity.
Zhao N, Wu F, Peng J, Zheng Y, Tian H, Yang H, Deng Z, Wang Z, Li H, Wen X, Xiao S, Huang P, Dai C, Lu L, Zhou K, Chen S, Zhou Y, Ran P
Respir Res 2022 Oct 31;23(1):298. doi: 10.1186/s12931-022-02216-1. PMID: 36316732Free PMC Article
Mucus Plugs Persist in Asthma, and Changes in Mucus Plugs Associate with Changes in Airflow over Time.
Tang M, Elicker BM, Henry T, Gierada DS, Schiebler ML, Huang BK, Peters MC, Castro M, Hoffman EA, Fain SB, Ash SY, Choi J, Hall C, Phillips BR, Mauger DT, Denlinger LC, Jarjour NN, Israel E, Phipatanakul W, Levy BD, Wenzel SE, Bleecker ER, Woodruff PG, Fahy JV, Dunican EM
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 1;205(9):1036-1045. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202110-2265OC. PMID: 35104436Free PMC Article
Lung ultrasound in bronchiolitis.
La Regina DP, Bloise S, Pepino D, Iovine E, Laudisa M, Cristiani L, Nicolai A, Nenna R, Mancino E, Di Mattia G, Petrarca L, Matera L, Frassanito A, Midulla F
Pediatr Pulmonol 2021 Jan;56(1):234-239. Epub 2020 Nov 24 doi: 10.1002/ppul.25156. PMID: 33151023
Severe asthma and bronchiectasis.
García-Clemente M, Enríquez-Rodríguez AI, Iscar-Urrutia M, Escobar-Mallada B, Arias-Guillén M, López-González FJ, Madrid-Carbajal C, Pérez-Martínez L, Gonzalez-Budiño T
J Asthma 2020 May;57(5):505-509. Epub 2019 Feb 20 doi: 10.1080/02770903.2019.1579832. PMID: 30784336
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Barnes PJ, Burney PG, Silverman EK, Celli BR, Vestbo J, Wedzicha JA, Wouters EF
Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015 Dec 3;1:15076. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.76. PMID: 27189863

Clinical prediction guides

Inter-relationships among neutrophilic inflammation, air trapping and future exacerbation in COPD: an analysis of ECOPD study.
Yang H, Wen X, Wu F, Zheng Y, Dai C, Zhao N, Deng Z, Wang Z, Peng J, Xiao S, Lu L, Huang J, Yu S, Yang C, Chen S, Zhou Y, Ran P
BMJ Open Respir Res 2023 Apr;10(1) doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001597. PMID: 37028910Free PMC Article
Large lungs may predict increased air trapping in navy divers.
Wuorimaa T, Haukka J, Tikkinen J, Parkkola K, Piirilä P
Physiol Rep 2022 Feb;10(4):e15153. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15153. PMID: 35212176Free PMC Article
Mucus Plugs Persist in Asthma, and Changes in Mucus Plugs Associate with Changes in Airflow over Time.
Tang M, Elicker BM, Henry T, Gierada DS, Schiebler ML, Huang BK, Peters MC, Castro M, Hoffman EA, Fain SB, Ash SY, Choi J, Hall C, Phillips BR, Mauger DT, Denlinger LC, Jarjour NN, Israel E, Phipatanakul W, Levy BD, Wenzel SE, Bleecker ER, Woodruff PG, Fahy JV, Dunican EM
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 1;205(9):1036-1045. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202110-2265OC. PMID: 35104436Free PMC Article
Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: Clinical and radiological evaluation and long-term results.
Yazan H, Khalif F, Shadfaan LA, Bilgin S, Nursoy M, Cakir FB, Cakin ZE, Uzuner S, Cakir E
Heart Lung 2021 Sep-Oct;50(5):660-666. Epub 2021 Jun 5 doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.05.001. PMID: 34098236
Lung ultrasound in bronchiolitis.
La Regina DP, Bloise S, Pepino D, Iovine E, Laudisa M, Cristiani L, Nicolai A, Nenna R, Mancino E, Di Mattia G, Petrarca L, Matera L, Frassanito A, Midulla F
Pediatr Pulmonol 2021 Jan;56(1):234-239. Epub 2020 Nov 24 doi: 10.1002/ppul.25156. PMID: 33151023

Recent systematic reviews

Clinical Prediction Models for Suspected Pediatric Foreign Body Aspiration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Lee JJW, Philteos J, Levin M, Namavarian A, Propst EJ, Wolter NE
JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021 Sep 1;147(9):787-796. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2021.1548. PMID: 34264309Free PMC Article
Chest CT findings in patients with dysphagia and aspiration: a systematic review.
Scheeren B, Gomes E, Alves G, Marchiori E, Hochhegger B
J Bras Pneumol 2017 Jul-Aug;43(4):313-318. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37562016000000273. PMID: 28767772Free PMC Article
Pneumosinus Dilatans: Over 100 Years Without an Etiology.
Ricci JA
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017 Jul;75(7):1519-1526. Epub 2017 Feb 21 doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.02.010. PMID: 28315298

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