Mal (MyD88-adapter-like) is required for Toll-like receptor-4 signal transduction

Nature. 2001 Sep 6;413(6851):78-83. doi: 10.1038/35092578.

Abstract

The recognition of microbial pathogens by the innate immune system involves Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Different TLRs recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns, with TLR-4 mediating the response to lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria. All TLRs have a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which is responsible for signal transduction. MyD88 is one such protein that contains a TIR domain. It acts as an adapter, being involved in TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-9 signalling; however, our understanding of how TLR-4 signals is incomplete. Here we describe a protein, Mal (MyD88-adapter-like), which joins MyD88 as a cytoplasmic TIR-domain-containing protein in the human genome. Mal activates NF-kappaB, Jun amino-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2. Mal can form homodimers and can also form heterodimers with MyD88. Activation of NF-kappaB by Mal requires IRAK-2, but not IRAK, whereas MyD88 requires both IRAKs. Mal associates with IRAK-2 by means of its TIR domain. A dominant negative form of Mal inhibits NF-kappaB, which is activated by TLR-4 or lipopolysaccharide, but it does not inhibit NF-kappaB activation by IL-1RI or IL-18R. Mal associates with TLR-4. Mal is therefore an adapter in TLR-4 signal transduction.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Animals
  • Antigens, Differentiation / chemistry
  • Antigens, Differentiation / metabolism
  • Carrier Proteins / genetics
  • Carrier Proteins / physiology*
  • Cell Line
  • Drosophila Proteins*
  • Humans
  • Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases
  • Lipopolysaccharides / metabolism
  • Membrane Glycoproteins / metabolism*
  • Mice
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
  • NF-kappa B / metabolism
  • Protein Kinases / metabolism
  • RNA, Messenger / metabolism
  • Receptors, Cell Surface / metabolism*
  • Receptors, Immunologic*
  • Receptors, Interleukin-1*
  • Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
  • Signal Transduction*
  • Toll-Like Receptor 2
  • Toll-Like Receptor 4
  • Toll-Like Receptor 9
  • Toll-Like Receptors
  • Transfection
  • Xenopus
  • Xenopus Proteins

Substances

  • Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
  • Antigens, Differentiation
  • Carrier Proteins
  • Drosophila Proteins
  • Lipopolysaccharides
  • MYD88 protein, human
  • Membrane Glycoproteins
  • MyD88 protein, Xenopus
  • Myd88 protein, mouse
  • Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
  • NF-kappa B
  • RNA, Messenger
  • Receptors, Cell Surface
  • Receptors, Immunologic
  • Receptors, Interleukin-1
  • TIRAP protein, human
  • TIRAP protein, mouse
  • TLR2 protein, human
  • TLR4 protein, human
  • TLR9 protein, human
  • Toll-Like Receptor 2
  • Toll-Like Receptor 4
  • Toll-Like Receptor 9
  • Toll-Like Receptors
  • Xenopus Proteins
  • Protein Kinases
  • Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases