Starvation and ULK1-dependent cycling of mammalian Atg9 between the TGN and endosomes

J Cell Sci. 2006 Sep 15;119(Pt 18):3888-900. doi: 10.1242/jcs.03172. Epub 2006 Aug 29.

Abstract

Autophagy, fundamentally a lysosomal degradation pathway, functions in cells during normal growth and certain pathological conditions, including starvation, to maintain homeostasis. Autophagosomes are formed through a mechanism that is not well understood, despite the identification of many genes required for autophagy. We have studied the mammalian homologue of Atg9p, a multi-spanning transmembrane protein essential in yeast for autophagy, to gain a better understanding of the function of this ubiquitious protein. We show that both the N- and C-termini of mammalian Atg9 (mAtg9) are cytosolic, and predict that mAtg9 spans the membrane six times. We find that mAtg9 is located in the trans-Golgi network and late endosomes and colocalizes with TGN46, the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor, Rab7 and Rab9. Amino acid starvation or rapamycin treatment, which upregulates autophagy, causes a redistribution of mAtg9 from the TGN to peripheral, endosomal membranes, which are positive for the autophagosomal marker GFP-LC3. siRNA-mediated depletion of the putative mammalian homologue of Atg1p, ULK1, inhibits this starvation-induced redistribution. The redistribution of mAtg9 also requires PI 3-kinase activity, and is reversed after restoration of amino acids. We speculate that starvation-induced autophagy, which requires mAtg9, may rely on an alteration of the steady-state trafficking of mAtg9, in a Atg1-dependent manner.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog
  • Autophagy-Related Proteins
  • Endosomes / metabolism*
  • Green Fluorescent Proteins / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / metabolism*
  • Membrane Proteins / chemistry
  • Membrane Proteins / metabolism*
  • Membrane Proteins / ultrastructure
  • Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / metabolism*
  • Protein Transport
  • Rats
  • Recombinant Fusion Proteins / metabolism
  • rab GTP-Binding Proteins / metabolism
  • rab7 GTP-Binding Proteins
  • trans-Golgi Network / metabolism*
  • trans-Golgi Network / ultrastructure

Substances

  • ATG9B protein, human
  • Autophagy-Related Proteins
  • Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
  • Membrane Proteins
  • Recombinant Fusion Proteins
  • rab7 GTP-Binding Proteins
  • rab7 GTP-binding proteins, human
  • rab7 GTP-binding proteins, rat
  • Green Fluorescent Proteins
  • Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog
  • Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
  • ULK1 protein, human
  • rab GTP-Binding Proteins