Quantitative-enhancer-FACS-seq (QeFS) reveals epistatic interactions among motifs within transcriptional enhancers in developing Drosophila tissue

Genome Biol. 2021 Dec 20;22(1):348. doi: 10.1186/s13059-021-02574-x.

Abstract

Understanding the contributions of transcription factor DNA binding sites to transcriptional enhancers is a significant challenge. We developed Quantitative enhancer-FACS-Seq for highly parallel quantification of enhancer activities from a genomically integrated reporter in Drosophila melanogaster embryos. We investigate the contributions of the DNA binding motifs of four poorly characterized TFs to the activities of twelve embryonic mesodermal enhancers. We measure quantitative changes in enhancer activity and discover a range of epistatic interactions among the motifs, both synergistic and alleviating. We find that understanding the regulatory consequences of TF binding motifs requires that they be investigated in combination across enhancer contexts.

Keywords: Drosophila embryonic mesoderm; Enhancers; Epistasis; Reporter assay; Transcription factor binding sites.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Binding Sites
  • DNA / metabolism
  • DNA-Binding Proteins
  • Drosophila / genetics*
  • Drosophila Proteins / genetics*
  • Drosophila Proteins / metabolism
  • Drosophila melanogaster / genetics
  • Enhancer Elements, Genetic*
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
  • Mesoderm / metabolism
  • Transcription Factors / genetics*
  • Transcription Factors / metabolism
  • Transcription, Genetic*

Substances

  • DNA-Binding Proteins
  • Drosophila Proteins
  • Transcription Factors
  • DNA