Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-07-07 20:53:56 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000641 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Glutamine |
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Description | Glutamine (Gln), also known as L-glutamine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Structurally, glutamine is similar to the amino acid glutamic acid. However, instead of having a terminal carboxylic acid, it has an amide. Glutamine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Glutamine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, polar amino acid. In humans glutamine is considered a non-essential amino acid. Enzymatically, glutamine is formed by replacing a side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group. More specifically, glutamine is synthesized by the enzyme glutamine synthetase from glutamate and ammonia. The most relevant glutamine-producing tissue are skeletal muscles, accounting for about 90% of all glutamine synthesized. Glutamine is also released, in small amounts, by the lungs and brain. In human blood, glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid. Dietary sources of glutamine include protein-rich foods such as beef, chicken, fish, dairy products, eggs, beans, beets, cabbage, spinach, carrots, parsley, vegetable juices, wheat, papaya, Brussels sprouts, celery and kale. Glutamine is one of the few amino acids that can directly cross the blood-brain barrier. Glutamine is often used as a supplement in weightlifting, bodybuilding, endurance and other sports, as well as by those who suffer from muscular cramps or pain, particularly elderly people. In 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved L-glutamine oral powder, marketed as Endari, to reduce severe complications of sickle cell disease in people aged five years and older with the disorder. Subjects who were treated with L-glutamine oral powder experienced fewer hospital visits for pain treated with a parenterally administered narcotic or ketorolac. The main use of glutamine within the diet of either group is as a means of replenishing the body's stores of amino acids that have been used during exercise or everyday activities. Studies which have looked into problems with excessive consumption of glutamine thus far have proved inconclusive. However, normal supplementation is healthy mainly because glutamine is supposed to be supplemented after prolonged periods of exercise (for example, a workout or exercise in which amino acids are required for use) and replenishes amino acid stores. This is one of the main reasons glutamine is recommended during fasting or for people who suffer from physical trauma, immune deficiencies, or cancer. There is a significant body of evidence that links glutamine-enriched diets with positive intestinal effects. These include maintenance of gut barrier function, aiding intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as generally reducing septic morbidity and the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). The reason for such "cleansing" properties is thought to stem from the fact that the intestinal extraction rate of glutamine is higher than that for other amino acids, and is therefore thought to be the most viable option when attempting to alleviate conditions relating to the gastrointestinal tract. These conditions were discovered after comparing plasma concentration within the gut between glutamine-enriched and non glutamine-enriched diets. However, even though glutamine is thought to have "cleansing" properties and effects, it is unknown to what extent glutamine has clinical benefits, due to the varied concentrations of glutamine in varieties of food. It is also known that glutamine has positive effects in reducing healing time after operations. Hospital waiting times after abdominal surgery are reduced by providing parenteral nutrition regimens containing amounts of glutamine to patients. Clinical trials have revealed that patients on supplementation regimes containing glutamine have improved nitrogen balances, generation of cysteinyl-leukotrienes from polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes and improved lymphocyte recovery and intestinal permeability (in postoperative patients) - in comparison to those who had no glutamine within their dietary regime; all without any side-effects. | Read more...
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Structure | InChI=1S/C5H10N2O3/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H2,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(2S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid | ChEBI | (2S)-2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid | ChEBI | (S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid | ChEBI | Glutamic acid 5-amide | ChEBI | Glutamic acid amide | ChEBI | GLUTAMINE | ChEBI | L-(+)-Glutamine | ChEBI | L-2-Aminoglutaramic acid | ChEBI | L-Glutamic acid gamma-amide | ChEBI | L-Glutamin | ChEBI | L-Glutaminsaeure-5-amid | ChEBI | Levoglutamide | ChEBI | Q | ChEBI | Endari | Kegg | Nutrestore | Kegg | (2S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoate | Generator | (2S)-2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoate | Generator | (S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoate | Generator | Glutamate 5-amide | Generator | Glutamate amide | Generator | L-2-Aminoglutaramate | Generator | L-Glutamate g-amide | Generator | L-Glutamate gamma-amide | Generator | L-Glutamate γ-amide | Generator | L-Glutamic acid g-amide | Generator | L-Glutamic acid γ-amide | Generator | 2-Aminoglutaramic acid | HMDB | Cebrogen | HMDB | gamma-Glutamine | HMDB | Glavamin | HMDB | Glumin | HMDB | L-2-Aminoglutaramidic acid | HMDB | L-Glutamic acid 5-amide | HMDB | L-Glutamid | HMDB | L-Glutamide | HMDB | Levoglutamid | HMDB | Levoglutamida | HMDB | Levoglutamidum | HMDB | Levoglutamina | HMDB | Polyglutamine | HMDB | Stimulina | HMDB | D-Glutamine | HMDB | D Glutamine | HMDB | L Glutamine | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C5H10N2O3 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 146.1445 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 146.069142196 |
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IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | L-glutamine |
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CAS Registry Number | 56-85-9 |
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SMILES | N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C5H10N2O3/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H2,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues |
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Direct Parent | L-alpha-amino acids |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - L-alpha-amino acid
- Fatty acid
- Amino acid
- Carboximidic acid
- Carboximidic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Amine
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Primary amine
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organic oxide
- Primary aliphatic amine
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | |
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Disposition | Biological locationSourceEndogenousExogenousFoodBeverageFruitVegetableCereal and cereal productHerb and spiceGourdTeaPulseMilk and milk productUnfermented milk- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fat (FooDB: FOOD00889)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fat (FooDB: FOOD00890)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fat (FooDB: FOOD00891)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fat (FooDB: FOOD00892)
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Process | |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 185 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 41.3 mg/mL | YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992) | LogP | -3.64 | CHMELIK,J ET AL. (1991) |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Experimental Collision Cross Sections |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | | Show more...
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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L-Glutamine,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O | 1579.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,1TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O | 1653.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,1TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O | 1669.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1686.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1665.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2602.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1666.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1748.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2515.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1764.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1740.0 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2447.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #4 | C[Si](C)(C)N([C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C | 1843.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #4 | C[Si](C)(C)N([C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C | 1718.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #4 | C[Si](C)(C)N([C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C | 2792.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #5 | C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C | 1828.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #5 | C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C | 1745.6 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TMS,isomer #5 | C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C | 2968.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1755.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1800.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2040.1 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1850.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1783.3 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2470.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1784.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1834.5 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2348.9 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #4 | C[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1893.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #4 | C[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1815.5 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #4 | C[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2221.7 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #5 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1933.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #5 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1848.7 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TMS,isomer #5 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2186.6 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1858.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1890.5 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1931.7 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1915.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1903.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1968.6 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2006.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1947.5 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2068.1 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,5TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2049.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,5TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2002.0 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,5TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1881.8 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O | 1835.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O | 1912.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O | 1926.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2151.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2085.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2619.4 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2130.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2135.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2540.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2259.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2117.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2451.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #4 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N([C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2290.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #4 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N([C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2139.0 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #4 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N([C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2699.8 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #5 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2252.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #5 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2171.7 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,2TBDMS,isomer #5 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2775.6 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2422.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2352.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2348.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2503.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2404.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2582.3 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2438.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2446.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2504.4 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #4 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2559.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #4 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2410.7 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #4 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2431.4 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #5 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2584.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #5 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2406.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,3TBDMS,isomer #5 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2413.1 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2720.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2624.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2380.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2777.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2619.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2396.9 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2866.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2693.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,4TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2429.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,5TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3062.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,5TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2883.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | L-Glutamine,5TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2422.8 | Standard polar | 33892256 |
| Show more...
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-0a4i-0910000000-adb283bb40327f705680 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-0a4i-0910000000-134e80840320dadf6ad1 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-05fr-7910000000-89f87d4acc18299244f5 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (2 TMS) | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-952a471cad5e5ead0a7e | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (4 TMS) | splash10-004i-1961000000-94183211889cfe72d4ff | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (3 TMS) | splash10-0a4i-1920000000-6505cd814f3707a0feba | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (4 TMS) | splash10-004i-0692000000-9788416fdefb051b9586 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0a4i-0910000000-adb283bb40327f705680 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0a4i-0910000000-134e80840320dadf6ad1 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-QQ (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00dj-4921200000-5446333d9aa592da8a07 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-05fr-7910000000-89f87d4acc18299244f5 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-952a471cad5e5ead0a7e | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-004i-1961000000-94183211889cfe72d4ff | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0a4i-1920000000-6505cd814f3707a0feba | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-004i-0692000000-9788416fdefb051b9586 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0a4i-0910000000-ce2b15fe45c57a30c6bb | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0ab9-1900000000-7be5eab1056d2a249ab5 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-5dc2d147bea250c7b80e | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0fb9-0921000000-5dcbab01982f543f7925 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-004j-0940000000-102c9a43b5153f06927f | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0006-9300000000-716b1947d48f42862cdf | 2016-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00dl-9610000000-bfd7aa529a6e7f62de43 | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Glutamine GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-001i-9000000000-bc4e294b8a3fd8c5abce | 2014-09-20 | Not Available | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-0059-3900000000-c8f487d1a561e49327c0 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-001i-9000000000-eee04836e7577e11d0d0 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-0a59-9000000000-54ffbe5be8d7dbede389 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0002-0900000000-79283391c985f8286677 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-9000000000-6afbd5929b6e2371a371 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0900000000-d5bd83614703b048228e | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0900000000-dc8def340a2655f9a399 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0002-0900000000-47e3e94a4387c53e0bd6 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-9000000000-c1acfa3750a90d81ce15 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-004i-0900000000-93f01bccbc98f18d4b07 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0900000000-ce03708ec9ce55cd8952 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0933201000-9339494cebedd9c39135 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF | splash10-004i-0900000000-64561a4c3590d5994e37 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0900000000-fdcdd7591fb182d804e2 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF | splash10-03dm-0030900000-66314ae704783630947a | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0933100000-8798d2e46a415bb1029a | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF | splash10-004i-0900000000-dddea137e500a9b364cc | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0900000000-a78f8e4b2d6b37917b21 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0920000000-8c6e1eb7de6f70911080 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0900000000-fa42fc4bcba608992804 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-004i-2900000000-074610880ea19a417f60 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-059x-9200000000-8b7dae54eb8325667bd7 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-e115d9215eea3f0c3629 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-55b1ac62eea66274b984 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glutamine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001j-0900000000-c9c71895033d66cb2bec | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2012-12-04 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Experimental 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2021-10-10 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Experimental 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2012-12-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Experimental 2D NMR | [1H, 1H]-TOCSY 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental) | 2021-10-14 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Extracellular
- Mitochondria
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Breast Milk
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Saliva
- Sweat
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | - Adipose Tissue
- Epidermis
- Fibroblasts
- Intestine
- Kidney
- Neuron
- Pancreas
- Placenta
- Prostate
- Skeletal Muscle
- Spleen
- Testis
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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| |
Blood | Detected and Quantified | 380-780 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 380-780 uM | Infant (1 - 3 months old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 380-780 uM | Children (3 months - 6 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 380-780 uM | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 492.6 +/- 93.6 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 376-709 uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 60-470 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 822 +/- 274 uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 334-666 uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 333-809 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 490.6 +/- 84.3 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 591.0 +/- 66.0 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 645.0 +/- 64.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 578 +/- 85 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 578.0 +/- 85.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 657.9 +/- 106.2 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 905.0 +/- 250.0 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 600.0 +/- 70.0 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 591 +/- 66 uM | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 632 +/- 83 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 586.0 (502.0-670.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 523.4(442.5-642.5) uM | Children (1-13 uears old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 645 +/- 64 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 433-619 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 600 +/- 70 uM | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 390.0-900.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 638.62 +/- 109.94 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 510.4 +/- 118.2 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Breast Milk | Detected and Quantified | 616 +/- 314 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 432 +/- 204 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 570.0 +/- 240.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 623.6 +/- 71.6 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 518.0 +/- 81.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 425.0 +/- 70.5 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 444.0 +/- 84.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 352-885 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 363.3 +/- 97.6 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 285-820 uM | Children (0 - 10 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 310-820 uM | Adolescent (>11 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 627.0 (482.0-772.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 352-885 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 160 +/- 110 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 40 +/- 30 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 36.60 +/- 31.81 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 8.4 +/- 2.7 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 6.9 +/- 0.36 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 6.6 +/- 2.1 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 42.32 +/- 39.22 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 4.8 +/- 4.5 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | >10 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Sweat | Detected and Quantified | < 10 uM | Adult (60 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Sweat | Detected and Quantified | < 10 uM | Adult (40 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 52-205 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 62-165 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 214.81 +/- 135.67 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 316.57 +/- 192.20 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 373.10 +/- 226.12 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 21.27-154.41 umol/mmol creatinine | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 36.8 (14.5-59.2) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 16.16-134.4 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 50.83(32.41-129.3) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 50(15.47-135.8) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 17-37 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 10.52-77.60 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 15.72-337.6 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 33.98 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 118.96 +/- 89.94 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 52.01 - 205.09 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 62.97 - 374.45 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (1 - 6 months old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 75.18 - 321.66 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (6 months - <1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 98.70 - 268.74 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 2 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 70.55 - 385.99 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (2 - 4 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 29.28 - 181.24 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (4 - 13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 9.158-104.354 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 29.28 - 121.88 umol/mmol creatinine | Adolescent (13 - 21 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 29.28 - 121.88 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>21 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 29.75-336.98 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 33.32 +/- 10.78 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 39.9 (18.4-72.5) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 18-34 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 37.2 (19.1-77.9) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 20.0 (9.0-33.0) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 17.19-149.88 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 98.1213 +/- 28.9895 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 94.945 +/- 48.611 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 64.71 (51.53-108.46) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 18.55-127.26 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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| |
Blood | Detected and Quantified | 150.4 (128.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Down syndrome pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 174.3 (216.4) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 376.8 +/- 114.3 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Heart Transplant | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 650.0 +/- 98.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Schizophrenia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 673.0 +/- 96.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Schizophrenia | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Oesophageal cancer | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 542.5 (376.0-709.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 900.0 (700.0-1100.0) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 430 uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Male | Fumaric aciduria | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 347-1054 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Male | N-Acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 442-533 uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Male | N-Acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 67-1103 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Male | N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 292.9 +/- 77.3 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18 | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 250.2 +/- 77.3 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 331.0 (57.2) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Early preeclampsia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 288.2 (82.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | oesophago-gastric cancer | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 820 (615-1381) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Male | Lipoyltransferase 1 Deficiency | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | colorectal cancer | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 508-1087 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Deficiency 1, Cytosolic | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1731 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Male | Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Deficiency 1, Cytosolic | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 588 +/- 102 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obese | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 588 +/- 162 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obese | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 567 +/- 120 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obese | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 606 +/- 123 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obese | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Schizophrenia | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Pancreatic cancer | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 535.3(451.2-627.0) uM | Children (1-13 uears old) | Both | Environmental enteric dysfunction | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 311.3 (55.65) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 310.98 (52.92) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 253.1 (131.1) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Late-onset preeclampsia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 218.5 (66.9) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 572 +/- 116 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Schizophrenia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 228.34 +/- 12.00 uM | Elderly (>65 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 476.0 (455.0-498.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Epilepsy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 495.0 (477.0-513.0) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Epilepsy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 611.0 (591.0-630.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Epilepsy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 2-6 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Glutamine deficiency, congenital | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 509.43 +/- 114.91 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obese | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 497.6 +/- 113.7 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obesity | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 521.3 +/- 116.3 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obesity | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 1875.3 +/- 285.8 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Leukemia | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 1061.0 +/- 230.2 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Leukemia | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 723 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Male | Lipoyltransferase 1 Deficiency | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 902 uM | Not Specified | Not Specified | propionic acidemia | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 1146.6 +/- 10.6 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 254.0 (152.0-356.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 11-12 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Glutamine deficiency, congenital | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Crohns disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Unclassified IBD | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Irritable bowel syndrome | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Irritable Bowel Syndrome | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Oral cancer | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Breast cancer | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Pancreatic cancer | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Periodontal diseases | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 22.30 +/- 10.19 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 19.49 +/- 3.73 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Frontotemporal lobe dementia | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 48.74 +/- 50.79 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Lewy body disease | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 603 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Male | Lipoyltransferase 1 Deficiency | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 154-512 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Fumaric aciduria | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.17 +/- 0.49 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | oesophago-gastric cancer | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 31.4 +/- 2.3 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | 3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 37.5 +/- 0.6 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Propionic acidemia | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 52.8 +/- 26.3 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Maple syrup urine disease | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 319.9 +/- 47.1 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Aminoaciduria | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 92.5071 +/- 40.858 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 70.5526 +/- 46.8803 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Gastroesophageal reflux disease | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0-8 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Glutamine deficiency, congenital | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 89.151 +/- 68.262 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Epilepsy |
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- Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed:14992292 ]
| Schizophrenia |
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- Alfredsson G, Wiesel FA: Monoamine metabolites and amino acids in serum from schizophrenic patients before and during sulpiride treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;99(3):322-7. [PubMed:2480613 ]
- He Y, Yu Z, Giegling I, Xie L, Hartmann AM, Prehn C, Adamski J, Kahn R, Li Y, Illig T, Wang-Sattler R, Rujescu D: Schizophrenia shows a unique metabolomics signature in plasma. Transl Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 14;2:e149. doi: 10.1038/tp.2012.76. [PubMed:22892715 ]
- Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Hagenfeldt L, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Plasma amino acids in relation to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. Br J Psychiatry. 1985 Sep;147:276-82. [PubMed:2415198 ]
| Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency |
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- G.Frauendienst-Egger, Friedrich K. Trefz (2017). MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de). METAGENE consortium.
| Colorectal cancer |
---|
- Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14. [PubMed:25105552 ]
- Ikeda A, Nishiumi S, Shinohara M, Yoshie T, Hatano N, Okuno T, Bamba T, Fukusaki E, Takenawa T, Azuma T, Yoshida M: Serum metabolomics as a novel diagnostic approach for gastrointestinal cancer. Biomed Chromatogr. 2012 May;26(5):548-58. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1671. Epub 2011 Jul 20. [PubMed:21773981 ]
- Lin Y, Ma C, Liu C, Wang Z, Yang J, Liu X, Shen Z, Wu R: NMR-based fecal metabolomics fingerprinting as predictors of earlier diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016 May 17;7(20):29454-64. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8762. [PubMed:27107423 ]
- Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
| Early preeclampsia |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
| Pregnancy |
---|
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Chelliah A, Mandal R, Dong E, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester trisomy 18 detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;209(1):65.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.028. Epub 2013 Mar 25. [PubMed:23535240 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
| Late-onset preeclampsia |
---|
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
| Fumarase deficiency |
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- Allegri G, Fernandes MJ, Scalco FB, Correia P, Simoni RE, Llerena JC Jr, de Oliveira ML: Fumaric aciduria: an overview and the first Brazilian case report. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2010 Aug;33(4):411-9. doi: 10.1007/s10545-010-9134-2. Epub 2010 Jun 15. [PubMed:20549362 ]
| N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency |
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- Guffon N, Vianey-Saban C, Bourgeois J, Rabier D, Colombo JP, Guibaud P: A new neonatal case of N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency treated by carbamylglutamate. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1995;18(1):61-5. [PubMed:7623444 ]
- Schubiger G, Bachmann C, Barben P, Colombo JP, Tonz O, Schupbach D: N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency: diagnosis, management and follow-up of a rare disorder of ammonia detoxication. Eur J Pediatr. 1991 Mar;150(5):353-6. [PubMed:2044610 ]
| Obesity |
---|
- Reinehr T, Wolters B, Knop C, Lass N, Hellmuth C, Harder U, Peissner W, Wahl S, Grallert H, Adamski J, Illig T, Prehn C, Yu Z, Wang-Sattler R, Koletzko B: Changes in the serum metabolite profile in obese children with weight loss. Eur J Nutr. 2015 Mar;54(2):173-81. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0698-8. Epub 2014 Apr 17. [PubMed:24740590 ]
- Wahl S, Yu Z, Kleber M, Singmann P, Holzapfel C, He Y, Mittelstrass K, Polonikov A, Prehn C, Romisch-Margl W, Adamski J, Suhre K, Grallert H, Illig T, Wang-Sattler R, Reinehr T: Childhood obesity is associated with changes in the serum metabolite profile. Obes Facts. 2012;5(5):660-70. doi: 10.1159/000343204. Epub 2012 Oct 4. [PubMed:23108202 ]
- Simone Wahl, Christina Holzapfel, Zhonghao Yu, Michaela Breier, Ivan Kondofersky, Christiane Fuchs, Paula Singmann, Cornelia Prehn, Jerzy Adamski, Harald Grallert, Thomas Illig, Rui Wang-Sattler, Thomas Reinehr (2013). Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children. Metabolomics.
| Glutamine deficiency, congenital |
---|
- Haberle J, Gorg B, Rutsch F, Schmidt E, Toutain A, Benoist JF, Gelot A, Suc AL, Hohne W, Schliess F, Haussinger D, Koch HG: Congenital glutamine deficiency with glutamine synthetase mutations. N Engl J Med. 2005 Nov 3;353(18):1926-33. [PubMed:16267323 ]
| Lipoyltransferase 1 Deficiency |
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- Soreze Y, Boutron A, Habarou F, Barnerias C, Nonnenmacher L, Delpech H, Mamoune A, Chretien D, Hubert L, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschke P, Correia I, Sardet C, Boddaert N, Hamel Y, Delahodde A, Ottolenghi C, de Lonlay P: Mutations in human lipoyltransferase gene LIPT1 cause a Leigh disease with secondary deficiency for pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013 Dec 17;8:192. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-192. [PubMed:24341803 ]
| Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Deficiency 1, Cytosolic |
---|
- Vieira P, Cameron J, Rahikkala E, Keski-Filppula R, Zhang LH, Santra S, Matthews A, Myllynen P, Nuutinen M, Moilanen JS, Rodenburg RJ, Rolfs A, Uusimaa J, van Karnebeek CDM: Novel homozygous PCK1 mutation causing cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency presenting as childhood hypoglycemia, an abnormal pattern of urine metabolites and liver dysfunction. Mol Genet Metab. 2017 Apr;120(4):337-341. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.02.003. Epub 2017 Feb 6. [PubMed:28216384 ]
- Santra S, Cameron JM, Shyr C, Zhang L, Drogemoller B, Ross CJ, Wasserman WW, Wevers RA, Rodenburg RJ, Gupte G, Preece MA, van Karnebeek CD: Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency presenting with acute liver failure following gastroenteritis. Mol Genet Metab. 2016 May;118(1):21-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.03.001. Epub 2016 Mar 4. [PubMed:26971250 ]
| Alzheimer's disease |
---|
- Redjems-Bennani N, Jeandel C, Lefebvre E, Blain H, Vidailhet M, Gueant JL: Abnormal substrate levels that depend upon mitochondrial function in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer patients. Gerontology. 1998;44(5):300-4. [PubMed:9693263 ]
- Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed:17031479 ]
- Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
| Leukemia |
---|
- Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed:15911239 ]
| Propionic acidemia |
---|
- Scholl-Burgi S, Haberlandt E, Gotwald T, Albrecht U, Baumgartner Sigl S, Rauchenzauner M, Rostasy K, Karall D: Stroke-like episodes in propionic acidemia caused by central focal metabolic decompensation. Neuropediatrics. 2009 Apr;40(2):76-81. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1231065. Epub 2009 Oct 6. [PubMed:19809936 ]
- Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
| Irritable bowel syndrome |
---|
- Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
- Hong YS, Hong KS, Park MH, Ahn YT, Lee JH, Huh CS, Lee J, Kim IK, Hwang GS, Kim JS: Metabonomic understanding of probiotic effects in humans with irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 May-Jun;45(5):415-25. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318207f76c. [PubMed:21494186 ]
| Ulcerative colitis |
---|
- Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
- Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
| Crohn's disease |
---|
- Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
| Perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment |
---|
- Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
| Pancreatic cancer |
---|
- Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
- Zhang L, Jin H, Guo X, Yang Z, Zhao L, Tang S, Mo P, Wu K, Nie Y, Pan Y, Fan D: Distinguishing pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis and healthy individuals by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomic profiles. Clin Biochem. 2012 Sep;45(13-14):1064-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.05.012. Epub 2012 May 19. [PubMed:22613268 ]
| Periodontal disease |
---|
- Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
| Frontotemporal dementia |
---|
- Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
| Lewy body disease |
---|
- Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
| Maple syrup urine disease |
---|
- Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
| Eosinophilic esophagitis |
---|
- Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
|
|
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Associated OMIM IDs | - 181500 (Schizophrenia)
- 237300 (Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency)
- 114500 (Colorectal cancer)
- 606812 (Fumarase deficiency)
- 608300 (N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency)
- 601665 (Obesity)
- 610015 (Glutamine deficiency, congenital)
- 616299 (Lipoyltransferase 1 Deficiency)
- 261680 (Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Deficiency 1, Cytosolic)
- 104300 (Alzheimer's disease)
- 606054 (Propionic acidemia)
- 266600 (Crohn's disease)
- 260350 (Pancreatic cancer)
- 170650 (Periodontal disease)
- 600274 (Frontotemporal dementia)
- 248600 (Maple syrup urine disease)
- 610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB00130 |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB030965 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00001359 |
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Chemspider ID | 5746 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C00064 |
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BioCyc ID | GLN |
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BiGG ID | 33714 |
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Wikipedia Link | Glutamine |
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METLIN ID | 5614 |
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PubChem Compound | 5961 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 18050 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | GLN_L |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000205 |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Jiao, Qingcai; Qian, Shaosong; Chen, Ran; Wu, Xiaoyan. Synthesis of L-glutamine. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2005), 7 pp. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
- Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [PubMed:12097436 ]
- Subramanian A, Gupta A, Saxena S, Gupta A, Kumar R, Nigam A, Kumar R, Mandal SK, Roy R: Proton MR CSF analysis and a new software as predictors for the differentiation of meningitis in children. NMR Biomed. 2005 Jun;18(4):213-25. [PubMed:15627241 ]
- Commodari F, Arnold DL, Sanctuary BC, Shoubridge EA: 1H NMR characterization of normal human cerebrospinal fluid and the detection of methylmalonic acid in a vitamin B12 deficient patient. NMR Biomed. 1991 Aug;4(4):192-200. [PubMed:1931558 ]
- Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75. [PubMed:6696735 ]
- Redjems-Bennani N, Jeandel C, Lefebvre E, Blain H, Vidailhet M, Gueant JL: Abnormal substrate levels that depend upon mitochondrial function in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer patients. Gerontology. 1998;44(5):300-4. [PubMed:9693263 ]
- Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed:6198473 ]
- Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed:15911239 ]
- Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. [PubMed:12297216 ]
- Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed:14992292 ]
- Frayn KN, Khan K, Coppack SW, Elia M: Amino acid metabolism in human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Clin Sci (Lond). 1991 May;80(5):471-4. [PubMed:1851687 ]
- Rutten EP, Engelen MP, Wouters EF, Schols AM, Deutz NE: Metabolic effects of glutamine and glutamate ingestion in healthy subjects and in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jan;83(1):115-23. [PubMed:16400059 ]
- Szebenyi G, Morfini GA, Babcock A, Gould M, Selkoe K, Stenoien DL, Young M, Faber PW, MacDonald ME, McPhaul MJ, Brady ST: Neuropathogenic forms of huntingtin and androgen receptor inhibit fast axonal transport. Neuron. 2003 Sep 25;40(1):41-52. [PubMed:14527432 ]
- Wada A, Yoshida R, Oda K, Fukuba E, Uchida N, Kitagaki H: Acute encephalopathy associated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005 Oct;26(9):2311-5. [PubMed:16219838 ]
- Pennisi P, Gavrilova O, Setser-Portas J, Jou W, Santopietro S, Clemmons D, Yakar S, LeRoith D: Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I treatment inhibits gluconeogenesis in a transgenic mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinology. 2006 Jun;147(6):2619-30. Epub 2006 Mar 2. [PubMed:16513827 ]
- Avila J, Barbaro B, Gangemi A, Romagnoli T, Kuechle J, Hansen M, Shapiro J, Testa G, Sankary H, Benedetti E, Lakey J, Oberholzer J: Intra-ductal glutamine administration reduces oxidative injury during human pancreatic islet isolation. Am J Transplant. 2005 Dec;5(12):2830-7. [PubMed:16302995 ]
- Cooper AJ: Ammonia metabolism in normal and portacaval-shunted rats. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1990;272:23-46. [PubMed:2103690 ]
- Melis GC, Boelens PG, van der Sijp JR, Popovici T, De Bandt JP, Cynober L, van Leeuwen PA: The feeding route (enteral or parenteral) affects the plasma response of the dipetide Ala-Gln and the amino acids glutamine, citrulline and arginine, with the administration of Ala-Gln in preoperative patients. Br J Nutr. 2005 Jul;94(1):19-26. [PubMed:16115328 ]
- Choudry HA, Pan M, Karinch AM, Souba WW: Branched-chain amino acid-enriched nutritional support in surgical and cancer patients. J Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1 Suppl):314S-8S. [PubMed:16365105 ]
- Coeffier M, Miralles-Barrachina O, Le Pessot F, Lalaude O, Daveau M, Lavoinne A, Lerebours E, Dechelotte P: Influence of glutamine on cytokine production by human gut in vitro. Cytokine. 2001 Feb 7;13(3):148-54. [PubMed:11161457 ]
- van der Hulst RR, von Meyenfeldt MF, Deutz NE, Soeters PB: Glutamine extraction by the gut is reduced in depleted [corrected] patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Ann Surg. 1997 Jan;225(1):112-21. [PubMed:8998127 ]
- McAnena OJ, Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, Parsons P: Selective uptake of glutamine in the gastrointestinal tract: confirmation in a human study. Br J Surg. 1991 Apr;78(4):480-2. [PubMed:1903318 ]
- Morlion BJ, Stehle P, Wachtler P, Siedhoff HP, Koller M, Konig W, Furst P, Puchstein C: Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Ann Surg. 1998 Feb;227(2):302-8. [PubMed:9488531 ]
- Jian ZM, Cao JD, Zhu XG, Zhao WX, Yu JC, Ma EL, Wang XR, Zhu MW, Shu H, Liu YW: The impact of alanyl-glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999 Sep-Oct;23(5 Suppl):S62-6. [PubMed:10483898 ]
- Boza JJ, Dangin M, Moennoz D, Montigon F, Vuichoud J, Jarret A, Pouteau E, Gremaud G, Oguey-Araymon S, Courtois D, Woupeyi A, Finot PA, Ballevre O: Free and protein-bound glutamine have identical splanchnic extraction in healthy human volunteers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001 Jul;281(1):G267-74. [PubMed:11408280 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
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