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Positive skin fungus test

MedGen UID:
1052469
•Concept ID:
CN377061
•
Finding
Synonym: Positive KOH test for fungi
 
HPO: HP:0430118

Definition

A test for fungus, e.g., fungal hyphae, in a skin specimen (usually a skin scraping), demonstrates the presence of fungi. Most commonly, a skin scraping is obtained using a small scalpel blade, the specimen is placed on a clean glass slide, a drop of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is added, and the specimen is examined microscopically for fungal structures such as hyphae or yeast. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVPositive skin fungus test

Professional guidelines

PubMed

A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2018 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology.
Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, Carroll KC, Chapin KC, Gilligan PH, Gonzalez MD, Jerris RC, Kehl SC, Patel R, Pritt BS, Richter SS, Robinson-Dunn B, Schwartzman JD, Snyder JW, Telford S 3rd, Theel ES, Thomson RB Jr, Weinstein MP, Yao JD
Clin Infect Dis 2018 Aug 31;67(6):e1-e94. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy381. PMID: 29955859Free PMC Article
Leprosy. An update: definition, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment.
Eichelmann K, González González SE, Salas-Alanis JC, Ocampo-Candiani J
Actas Dermosifiliogr 2013 Sep;104(7):554-63. Epub 2013 Jul 17 doi: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.03.028. PMID: 23870850
Clinical diagnosis and treatment of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis.
Bakken JS, Dumler JS
Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006 Oct;1078:236-47. doi: 10.1196/annals.1374.042. PMID: 17114714

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Skin Prick Test Positivity in Chronic Urticaria.
Koirala S, Paudel U, Pokhrel DB, Parajuli S
J Nepal Health Res Counc 2021 Jan 21;18(4):615-618. doi: 10.33314/jnhrc.v18i4.2423. PMID: 33510498
Sustained outcomes in oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy (POISED study): a large, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study.
Chinthrajah RS, Purington N, Andorf S, Long A, O'Laughlin KL, Lyu SC, Manohar M, Boyd SD, Tibshirani R, Maecker H, Plaut M, Mukai K, Tsai M, Desai M, Galli SJ, Nadeau KC
Lancet 2019 Oct 19;394(10207):1437-1449. Epub 2019 Sep 12 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31793-3. PMID: 31522849Free PMC Article
Fungal rhinosinusitis.
Netkovski J, Shirgoska B
Prilozi 2012;33(1):187-97. PMID: 22952104
Mold and Alternaria skin test reactivity and asthma in children in Connecticut.
Lyons TW, Wakefield DB, Cloutier MM
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011 Apr;106(4):301-7. Epub 2011 Jan 13 doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.12.009. PMID: 21457878Free PMC Article
Dermatophytid--a misdiagnosed entity?
Kaaman T, Torssander J
Acta Derm Venereol 1983;63(5):404-8. PMID: 6197839

Diagnosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
Patel G, Greenberger PA
Allergy Asthma Proc 2019 Nov 1;40(6):421-424. doi: 10.2500/aap.2019.40.4262. PMID: 31690385
Sustained outcomes in oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy (POISED study): a large, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study.
Chinthrajah RS, Purington N, Andorf S, Long A, O'Laughlin KL, Lyu SC, Manohar M, Boyd SD, Tibshirani R, Maecker H, Plaut M, Mukai K, Tsai M, Desai M, Galli SJ, Nadeau KC
Lancet 2019 Oct 19;394(10207):1437-1449. Epub 2019 Sep 12 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31793-3. PMID: 31522849Free PMC Article
Leprosy. An update: definition, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment.
Eichelmann K, González González SE, Salas-Alanis JC, Ocampo-Candiani J
Actas Dermosifiliogr 2013 Sep;104(7):554-63. Epub 2013 Jul 17 doi: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.03.028. PMID: 23870850
Fungal rhinosinusitis.
Netkovski J, Shirgoska B
Prilozi 2012;33(1):187-97. PMID: 22952104
Blastomycosis.
Smith JA, Kauffman CA
Proc Am Thorac Soc 2010 May;7(3):173-80. doi: 10.1513/pats.200906-040AL. PMID: 20463245

Therapy

Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients.
Adamian CMC, de Lima Mota MA, Martins AAF, Aragão MC, Carvalho MS, Meneses GC, Silva Júnior GBD, Leitão TDMJS, De Francesco Daher E
Int J STD AIDS 2022 May;33(6):544-553. Epub 2022 Mar 28 doi: 10.1177/09564624221076605. PMID: 35343333
Sustained outcomes in oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy (POISED study): a large, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study.
Chinthrajah RS, Purington N, Andorf S, Long A, O'Laughlin KL, Lyu SC, Manohar M, Boyd SD, Tibshirani R, Maecker H, Plaut M, Mukai K, Tsai M, Desai M, Galli SJ, Nadeau KC
Lancet 2019 Oct 19;394(10207):1437-1449. Epub 2019 Sep 12 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31793-3. PMID: 31522849Free PMC Article
Leprosy. An update: definition, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment.
Eichelmann K, González González SE, Salas-Alanis JC, Ocampo-Candiani J
Actas Dermosifiliogr 2013 Sep;104(7):554-63. Epub 2013 Jul 17 doi: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.03.028. PMID: 23870850
Blastomycosis.
Smith JA, Kauffman CA
Proc Am Thorac Soc 2010 May;7(3):173-80. doi: 10.1513/pats.200906-040AL. PMID: 20463245
Disseminated pheohyphomycosis.
Shivaswamy KN, Pradhan P, Laxmisha C, Thappa DM, Jayanthi S
Int J Dermatol 2007 Mar;46(3):278-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02960.x. PMID: 17343584

Prognosis

Interferon-γ release assays or tuberculin skin test for detection and management of latent tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Zhou G, Luo Q, Luo S, Teng Z, Ji Z, Yang J, Wang F, Wen S, Ding Z, Li L, Chen T, Abi ME, Jian M, Luo L, Liu A, Bao F
Lancet Infect Dis 2020 Dec;20(12):1457-1469. Epub 2020 Jul 13 doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30276-0. PMID: 32673595
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
Patel G, Greenberger PA
Allergy Asthma Proc 2019 Nov 1;40(6):421-424. doi: 10.2500/aap.2019.40.4262. PMID: 31690385
Detecting latent tuberculosis in compromised patients.
Sauzullo I, Vullo V, Mastroianni CM
Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015 Jun;28(3):275-82. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000158. PMID: 25887610
Atopic dermatitis in children.
Arkwright PD, Stafford JC, Sharma V
J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2014 Jul-Aug;2(4):388-95. Epub 2014 Apr 18 doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2014.01.016. PMID: 25017525
Leprosy. An update: definition, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment.
Eichelmann K, González González SE, Salas-Alanis JC, Ocampo-Candiani J
Actas Dermosifiliogr 2013 Sep;104(7):554-63. Epub 2013 Jul 17 doi: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.03.028. PMID: 23870850

Clinical prediction guides

Interferon-γ release assays or tuberculin skin test for detection and management of latent tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Zhou G, Luo Q, Luo S, Teng Z, Ji Z, Yang J, Wang F, Wen S, Ding Z, Li L, Chen T, Abi ME, Jian M, Luo L, Liu A, Bao F
Lancet Infect Dis 2020 Dec;20(12):1457-1469. Epub 2020 Jul 13 doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30276-0. PMID: 32673595
Sweat allergy.
Takahagi S, Tanaka A, Hide M
Allergol Int 2018 Oct;67(4):435-441. Epub 2018 Jul 31 doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2018.07.002. PMID: 30075993
Borderline QuantiFERON results and the distinction between specific responses and test variability.
Uzorka JW, Bossink AWJ, Franken WPJ, Thijsen SFT, Leyten EMS, van Haeften AC, Doornenbal G, Boonstra P, Ottenhoff THM, Arend SM
Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018 Jul;111:102-108. Epub 2018 Jun 7 doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.06.002. PMID: 30029893
Latent tuberculosis infection--Revisiting and revising concepts.
Salgame P, Geadas C, Collins L, Jones-López E, Ellner JJ
Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015 Jul;95(4):373-84. Epub 2015 May 15 doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.04.003. PMID: 26038289
Mold and Alternaria skin test reactivity and asthma in children in Connecticut.
Lyons TW, Wakefield DB, Cloutier MM
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011 Apr;106(4):301-7. Epub 2011 Jan 13 doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.12.009. PMID: 21457878Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Infant BCG vaccination and risk of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis throughout the life course: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.
Martinez L, Cords O, Liu Q, Acuna-Villaorduna C, Bonnet M, Fox GJ, Carvalho ACC, Chan PC, Croda J, Hill PC, Lopez-Varela E, Donkor S, Fielding K, Graham SM, Espinal MA, Kampmann B, Reingold A, Huerga H, Villalba JA, Grandjean L, Sotgiu G, Egere U, Singh S, Zhu L, Lienhardt C, Denholm JT, Seddon JA, Whalen CC, García-Basteiro AL, Triasih R, Chen C, Singh J, Huang LM, Sharma S, Hannoun D, Del Corral H, Mandalakas AM, Malone LL, Ling DL, Kritski A, Stein CM, Vashishtha R, Boulahbal F, Fang CT, Boom WH, Netto EM, Lemos AC, Hesseling AC, Kay A, Jones-López EC, Horsburgh CR, Lange C, Andrews JR
Lancet Glob Health 2022 Sep;10(9):e1307-e1316. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00283-2. PMID: 35961354Free PMC Article
Interferon-γ release assays or tuberculin skin test for detection and management of latent tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Zhou G, Luo Q, Luo S, Teng Z, Ji Z, Yang J, Wang F, Wen S, Ding Z, Li L, Chen T, Abi ME, Jian M, Luo L, Liu A, Bao F
Lancet Infect Dis 2020 Dec;20(12):1457-1469. Epub 2020 Jul 13 doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30276-0. PMID: 32673595
Dietary factors during pregnancy and atopic outcomes in childhood: A systematic review from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
Venter C, Agostoni C, Arshad SH, Ben-Abdallah M, Du Toit G, Fleischer DM, Greenhawt M, Glueck DH, Groetch M, Lunjani N, Maslin K, Maiorella A, Meyer R, Antonella M, Netting MJ, Ibeabughichi Nwaru B, Palmer DJ, Palumbo MP, Roberts G, Roduit C, Smith P, Untersmayr E, Vanderlinden LA, O'Mahony L
Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020 Nov;31(8):889-912. Epub 2020 Aug 6 doi: 10.1111/pai.13303. PMID: 32524677Free PMC Article
Evidence-based diagnostics: adult septic arthritis.
Carpenter CR, Schuur JD, Everett WW, Pines JM
Acad Emerg Med 2011 Aug;18(8):781-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01121.x. PMID: 21843213Free PMC Article
Interferon-gamma release assays and childhood tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Mandalakas AM, Detjen AK, Hesseling AC, Benedetti A, Menzies D
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011 Aug;15(8):1018-32. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.10.0631. PMID: 21669030

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