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Positive urine benzodiazepines test

MedGen UID:
1671044
•Concept ID:
C4732882
•
Finding
HPO: HP:0500111

Definition

Detection of benzodiazepine metabolites, primarily nordiazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam, in urine. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVPositive urine benzodiazepines test

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Consensus-Based Guidance on Opioid Management in Individuals With Advanced Cancer-Related Pain and Opioid Misuse or Use Disorder.
Fitzgerald Jones K, Khodyakov D, Arnold R, Bulls H, Dao E, Kapo J, Meier D, Paice J, Liebschutz J, Ritchie C, Merlin J
JAMA Oncol 2022 Aug 1;8(8):1107-1114. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.2191. PMID: 35771550Free PMC Article
Optimizing urine drug testing for monitoring medication compliance in pain management.
Melanson SE, Ptolemy AS, Wasan AD
Pain Med 2013 Dec;14(12):1813-20. Epub 2013 Jul 30 doi: 10.1111/pme.12207. PMID: 23899241
Efavirenz treatment and false-positive results in benzodiazepine screening tests.
Blank A, Hellstern V, Schuster D, Hartmann M, Matthée AK, Burhenne J, Haefeli WE, Mikus G
Clin Infect Dis 2009 Jun 15;48(12):1787-9. doi: 10.1086/599109. PMID: 19432553

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Guilty or not guilty? - False positive results of common medicines in drug tests: review and practical guide.
Możdżeń K, Kaleta K, Murawska A, Pośpiech J, Panek P, Lorkowska-Zawicka B, Bujak-Giżycka B
Folia Med Cracov 2023 Jul 30;63(2):107-134. doi: 10.24425/fmc.2023.145917. PMID: 37903383
Evidence of Designer Benzodiazepine Use in Routine Healthcare Urine Drug Specimens.
Garland JM, Hull JD, Bender CL, Marshall L, Holt AC
J Addict Med 2022 May-Jun 01;16(3):354-356. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000884. PMID: 34172626
The Cyclical and Evolving Nature of Methamphetamine Use: An Evaluation of Near Real-time Urine Drug Test Results.
LaRue L, Guevara MG, Whitley P, Dawson E, Twillman RK, Huskey A
J Addict Med 2021 Sep-Oct 01;15(5):396-405. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000778. PMID: 33298749Free PMC Article
Acute Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Toxicity.
Froberg BA, Levine M, Beuhler MC, Judge BS, Moore PW, Engebretsen KM, Mckeown NJ, Rosenbaum CD, Young AC, Rusyniak DE; ACMT Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC)
J Med Toxicol 2015 Jun;11(2):185-94. doi: 10.1007/s13181-014-0446-8. PMID: 25468313Free PMC Article
Alprazolam and benzodiazepine dependence.
Sellers EM, Ciraulo DA, DuPont RL, Griffiths RR, Kosten TR, Romach MK, Woody GE
J Clin Psychiatry 1993 Oct;54 Suppl:64-75; discussion 76-7. PMID: 8262891

Diagnosis

Association Between Prenatal Cannabis Use and Psychotropic Medication Use in Pregnant Patients With Depression and Anxiety.
Hirschtritt ME, Avalos LA, Sarovar V, Ridout KK, Goler NC, Ansley DR, Satre DD, Young-Wolff KC
J Addict Med 2022 Jul-Aug 01;16(4):e269-e273. Epub 2022 Jan 22 doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000946. PMID: 35020701Free PMC Article
Review of the Current State of Urine Drug Testing in Chronic Pain: Still Effective as a Clinical Tool and Curbing Abuse, or an Arcane Test?
Chakravarthy K, Goel A, Jeha GM, Kaye AD, Christo PJ
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2021 Feb 17;25(2):12. doi: 10.1007/s11916-020-00918-z. PMID: 33598816
Non-prescription Fentanyl Positive Toxicology: Prevalence, Positive Predictive Value of Fentanyl Immunoassay Screening, and Description of Co-substance Use.
Kerensky T, LaRochelle M, Fan SL, Kosakowski S, Wason K, Walley AY
J Addict Med 2021 Apr 1;15(2):150-154. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000723. PMID: 32909981
Acute Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Toxicity.
Froberg BA, Levine M, Beuhler MC, Judge BS, Moore PW, Engebretsen KM, Mckeown NJ, Rosenbaum CD, Young AC, Rusyniak DE; ACMT Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC)
J Med Toxicol 2015 Jun;11(2):185-94. doi: 10.1007/s13181-014-0446-8. PMID: 25468313Free PMC Article
Laboratory and clinical evaluation of on-site urine drug testing.
Beck O, Carlsson S, Tusic M, Olsson R, Franzen L, Hulten P
Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2014 Nov;74(8):681-6. Epub 2014 Jul 21 doi: 10.3109/00365513.2014.939995. PMID: 25046332

Therapy

Association Between Prenatal Cannabis Use and Psychotropic Medication Use in Pregnant Patients With Depression and Anxiety.
Hirschtritt ME, Avalos LA, Sarovar V, Ridout KK, Goler NC, Ansley DR, Satre DD, Young-Wolff KC
J Addict Med 2022 Jul-Aug 01;16(4):e269-e273. Epub 2022 Jan 22 doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000946. PMID: 35020701Free PMC Article
Review of the Current State of Urine Drug Testing in Chronic Pain: Still Effective as a Clinical Tool and Curbing Abuse, or an Arcane Test?
Chakravarthy K, Goel A, Jeha GM, Kaye AD, Christo PJ
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2021 Feb 17;25(2):12. doi: 10.1007/s11916-020-00918-z. PMID: 33598816
The impact of donor urine chemical toxicology analysis on outcomes of kidney transplantation.
Soliman KM, Molini C, Novick T, Menez S, Fülöp T, Kraus E, McMahon BA
Int Urol Nephrol 2020 Jun;52(6):1173-1178. Epub 2020 Apr 16 doi: 10.1007/s11255-020-02450-w. PMID: 32301052
Acute Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Toxicity.
Froberg BA, Levine M, Beuhler MC, Judge BS, Moore PW, Engebretsen KM, Mckeown NJ, Rosenbaum CD, Young AC, Rusyniak DE; ACMT Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC)
J Med Toxicol 2015 Jun;11(2):185-94. doi: 10.1007/s13181-014-0446-8. PMID: 25468313Free PMC Article
Alprazolam and benzodiazepine dependence.
Sellers EM, Ciraulo DA, DuPont RL, Griffiths RR, Kosten TR, Romach MK, Woody GE
J Clin Psychiatry 1993 Oct;54 Suppl:64-75; discussion 76-7. PMID: 8262891

Prognosis

Consensus-Based Guidance on Opioid Management in Individuals With Advanced Cancer-Related Pain and Opioid Misuse or Use Disorder.
Fitzgerald Jones K, Khodyakov D, Arnold R, Bulls H, Dao E, Kapo J, Meier D, Paice J, Liebschutz J, Ritchie C, Merlin J
JAMA Oncol 2022 Aug 1;8(8):1107-1114. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.2191. PMID: 35771550Free PMC Article
The Cyclical and Evolving Nature of Methamphetamine Use: An Evaluation of Near Real-time Urine Drug Test Results.
LaRue L, Guevara MG, Whitley P, Dawson E, Twillman RK, Huskey A
J Addict Med 2021 Sep-Oct 01;15(5):396-405. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000778. PMID: 33298749Free PMC Article
Non-prescription Fentanyl Positive Toxicology: Prevalence, Positive Predictive Value of Fentanyl Immunoassay Screening, and Description of Co-substance Use.
Kerensky T, LaRochelle M, Fan SL, Kosakowski S, Wason K, Walley AY
J Addict Med 2021 Apr 1;15(2):150-154. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000723. PMID: 32909981
Comparison of immunoassay screening tests and LC-MS-MS for urine detection of benzodiazepines and their metabolites: results of a national proficiency test.
Bertol E, Vaiano F, Borsotti M, Quercioli M, Mari F
J Anal Toxicol 2013 Nov-Dec;37(9):659-64. Epub 2013 Aug 13 doi: 10.1093/jat/bkt063. PMID: 23943436
Alprazolam and benzodiazepine dependence.
Sellers EM, Ciraulo DA, DuPont RL, Griffiths RR, Kosten TR, Romach MK, Woody GE
J Clin Psychiatry 1993 Oct;54 Suppl:64-75; discussion 76-7. PMID: 8262891

Clinical prediction guides

The Cyclical and Evolving Nature of Methamphetamine Use: An Evaluation of Near Real-time Urine Drug Test Results.
LaRue L, Guevara MG, Whitley P, Dawson E, Twillman RK, Huskey A
J Addict Med 2021 Sep-Oct 01;15(5):396-405. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000778. PMID: 33298749Free PMC Article
Non-prescription Fentanyl Positive Toxicology: Prevalence, Positive Predictive Value of Fentanyl Immunoassay Screening, and Description of Co-substance Use.
Kerensky T, LaRochelle M, Fan SL, Kosakowski S, Wason K, Walley AY
J Addict Med 2021 Apr 1;15(2):150-154. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000723. PMID: 32909981
Positivity rates of drugs in patients treated for opioid dependence with buprenorphine: A comparison of oral fluid and urine using paired collections and LC-MS/MS.
West R, Mikel C, Hofilena D, Guevara M
Drug Alcohol Depend 2018 Dec 1;193:183-191. Epub 2018 Sep 1 doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.023. PMID: 30391868
Laboratory and clinical evaluation of on-site urine drug testing.
Beck O, Carlsson S, Tusic M, Olsson R, Franzen L, Hulten P
Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2014 Nov;74(8):681-6. Epub 2014 Jul 21 doi: 10.3109/00365513.2014.939995. PMID: 25046332
Advanced urine toxicology testing.
Tenore PL
J Addict Dis 2010 Oct;29(4):436-48. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2010.509277. PMID: 20924879

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