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Hairy Leukoplakia of Tongue

MedGen UID:
237198
•Concept ID:
C1384426
•
Neoplastic Process
Synonym: Hairy leukoplakia of tongue
SNOMED CT: Hairy leukoplakia of tongue (414375004)

Definition

An epithelial hyperplasia on the surface of the tongue associated with Epstein-Barr virus and found almost exclusively in persons with HIV infection. The lesion consists of a white patch that is often corrugated or hairy. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVHairy Leukoplakia of Tongue

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Hairy Tongue: Differential Diagnosis by Use of Widefield Optical Fluorescence.
Andrade SA, Ribeiro MM, Pratavieira S, Bagnato VS, Varotti FP
Braz Dent J 2019 Mar-Apr;30(2):191-196. Epub 2019 Apr 4 doi: 10.1590/0103-6440201902270. PMID: 30970064
White lesions in the oral cavity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
Jones KB, Jordan R
Semin Cutan Med Surg 2015 Dec;34(4):161-70. doi: 10.12788/j.sder.2015.0180. PMID: 26650693
Clinical management of selected oral fungal and viral infections during HIV-disease.
Reichart PA
Int Dent J 1999 Oct;49(5):251-9. doi: 10.1002/j.1875-595x.1999.tb00795.x. PMID: 10858761

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Common Oral Lesions.
Randall DA, Wilson Westmark NL, Neville BW
Am Fam Physician 2022 Apr 1;105(4):369-376. PMID: 35426641
Oral hairy leukoplakia: a series of 45 cases in immunocompetent patients.
Almazyad A, Alabdulaaly L, Noonan V, Woo SB
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021 Aug;132(2):210-216. Epub 2021 Mar 29 doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.03.015. PMID: 34030995
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia in Immunocompetent Patients Revisited with Literature Review.
Alramadhan SA, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM, Islam MN
Head Neck Pathol 2021 Sep;15(3):989-993. Epub 2021 Jan 11 doi: 10.1007/s12105-021-01287-8. PMID: 33428065Free PMC Article
Hairy leukoplakia; lessons learned: 30-plus years.
Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, Webster-Cyriaque J
Oral Dis 2016 Apr;22 Suppl 1:120-7. doi: 10.1111/odi.12393. PMID: 27109280
Black hairy tongue syndrome.
Gurvits GE, Tan A
World J Gastroenterol 2014 Aug 21;20(31):10845-50. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845. PMID: 25152586Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Common Oral Lesions.
Randall DA, Wilson Westmark NL, Neville BW
Am Fam Physician 2022 Apr 1;105(4):369-376. PMID: 35426641
Diseases of the tongue.
Mangold AR, Torgerson RR, Rogers RS 3rd
Clin Dermatol 2016 Jul-Aug;34(4):458-69. Epub 2016 Mar 8 doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.018. PMID: 27343960
Hairy leukoplakia; lessons learned: 30-plus years.
Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, Webster-Cyriaque J
Oral Dis 2016 Apr;22 Suppl 1:120-7. doi: 10.1111/odi.12393. PMID: 27109280
White lesions in the oral cavity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
Jones KB, Jordan R
Semin Cutan Med Surg 2015 Dec;34(4):161-70. doi: 10.12788/j.sder.2015.0180. PMID: 26650693
Black hairy tongue syndrome.
Gurvits GE, Tan A
World J Gastroenterol 2014 Aug 21;20(31):10845-50. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845. PMID: 25152586Free PMC Article

Therapy

Oral Lesions in Kidney Transplant Recipients.
Levarda-Hudolin K, Hudolin T, Bašić-Jukić N, Kaštelan Ž
Acta Clin Croat 2016 Sep;55(3):459-463. doi: 10.20471/acc.2016.55.03.15. PMID: 29045773
Oral lesions associated with human immunodeficiency virus disease.
Patton LL
Dent Clin North Am 2013 Oct;57(4):673-98. Epub 2013 Aug 15 doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2013.07.005. PMID: 24034072
Periodontal disease in HIV/AIDS.
Ryder MI, Nittayananta W, Coogan M, Greenspan D, Greenspan JS
Periodontol 2000 2012 Oct;60(1):78-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00445.x. PMID: 22909108
Oral leukoplakia.
Sciubba JJ
Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1995;6(2):147-60. doi: 10.1177/10454411950060020401. PMID: 7548621
Management of Epstein-Barr virus infections.
Andersson J, Ernberg I
Am J Med 1988 Aug 29;85(2A):107-15. PMID: 2841854

Prognosis

EBV Association with Lymphomas and Carcinomas in the Oral Compartment.
Ward BJH, Schaal DL, Nkadi EH, Scott RS
Viruses 2022 Dec 1;14(12) doi: 10.3390/v14122700. PMID: 36560704Free PMC Article
Black hairy tongue syndrome.
Gurvits GE, Tan A
World J Gastroenterol 2014 Aug 21;20(31):10845-50. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845. PMID: 25152586Free PMC Article
Epstein-Barr virus and skin manifestations in childhood.
Di Lernia V, Mansouri Y
Int J Dermatol 2013 Oct;52(10):1177-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05855.x. PMID: 24073903
HIV-related oral disease.
Greenspan D, Greenspan JS
Lancet 1996 Sep 14;348(9029):729-33. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02308-2. PMID: 8806295
Oral hairy leukoplakia.
Resnick L, Herbst JS, Raab-Traub N
J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Jun;22(6 Pt 2):1278-82. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(90)70174-g. PMID: 2163409

Clinical prediction guides

EBV Association with Lymphomas and Carcinomas in the Oral Compartment.
Ward BJH, Schaal DL, Nkadi EH, Scott RS
Viruses 2022 Dec 1;14(12) doi: 10.3390/v14122700. PMID: 36560704Free PMC Article
Common Oral Lesions.
Randall DA, Wilson Westmark NL, Neville BW
Am Fam Physician 2022 Apr 1;105(4):369-376. PMID: 35426641
Black hairy tongue syndrome.
Gurvits GE, Tan A
World J Gastroenterol 2014 Aug 21;20(31):10845-50. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845. PMID: 25152586Free PMC Article
Oral hairy leukoplakia.
Zunt SL, Tomich CE
J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1990 Sep;16(9):812-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1990.tb01566.x. PMID: 2168906
Oral hairy leukoplakia.
Resnick L, Herbst JS, Raab-Traub N
J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Jun;22(6 Pt 2):1278-82. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(90)70174-g. PMID: 2163409

Recent systematic reviews

Prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral mucosal lesions in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Aghaeipour F, Salehiniya H, Abbaszadeh H
J Med Virol 2021 Nov;93(11):6089-6099. Epub 2021 Jul 6 doi: 10.1002/jmv.27161. PMID: 34180541
Oral manifestations of HIV: Can they be an indicator of disease severity? (A systematic review).
Indrastiti RK, Wardhany II, Soegyanto AI
Oral Dis 2020 Sep;26 Suppl 1:133-136. doi: 10.1111/odi.13394. PMID: 32862546
Systematic review of the changing pattern of the oral manifestations of HIV.
El Howati A, Tappuni A
J Investig Clin Dent 2018 Nov;9(4):e12351. Epub 2018 Jul 17 doi: 10.1111/jicd.12351. PMID: 30019446
Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral lesions in HIV-positive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
de Almeida VL, Lima IFP, Ziegelmann PK, Paranhos LR, de Matos FR
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017 Nov;46(11):1497-1504. Epub 2017 Jul 3 doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.06.008. PMID: 28684301
Management of oral lesions in HIV-positive patients.
Baccaglini L, Atkinson JC, Patton LL, Glick M, Ficarra G, Peterson DE
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007 Mar;103 Suppl:S50.e1-23. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.11.002. PMID: 17379155

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