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Orofaciodigital syndrome I(OFD1)

MedGen UID:
307142
Concept ID:
C1510460
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: OFD syndrome 1; OFD1; OFDS 1; OFDS I; Oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1; Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome Type I; Orofaciodigital syndrome 1; Papillon-Leage and Psaume Syndrome; Papillon-League-Psaume syndrome (formerly)
SNOMED CT: Gorlin-Psaume syndrome (403773005); Orofaciodigital syndrome type 1 (763833006); Oro-facial digital syndrome type 1 (763833006); Papillon Léage Psaume syndrome (763833006)
Modes of inheritance:
X-linked dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
376232
Concept ID:
C1847879
Finding
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for dominant traits related to a gene encoded on the X chromosome. In the context of medical genetics, X-linked dominant disorders tend to manifest very severely in affected males. The severity of manifestation in females may depend on the degree of skewed X inactivation.
Not genetically inherited
MedGen UID:
988794
Concept ID:
CN307044
Finding
Source: Orphanet
clinical entity without genetic inheritance.
 
Gene (location): OFD1 (Xp22.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0010702
OMIM®: 311200
Orphanet: ORPHA2750

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome Type I
Oral-facial-digital syndrome type I (OFD1) is usually male lethal during gestation and predominantly affects females. OFD1 is characterized by the following: oral features (lobulated tongue, tongue nodules, cleft of the hard or soft palate, accessory gingival frenulae, hypodontia, and other dental abnormalities); facial features (widely spaced eyes, telecanthus, hypoplasia of the alae nasi, median cleft or pseudocleft of the upper lip, micrognathia); digital features (brachydactyly, syndactyly, clinodactyly of the fifth finger, duplicated great toe); polycystic kidney disease; brain MRI findings (intracerebral cysts, agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebellar agenesis with or without Dandy-Walker malformation); and intellectual disability (in approximately 50% of affected individuals). [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Brunella Franco  |  Ange-Line Bruel  |  Christel Thauvin-Robinet   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Orofaciodigital syndrome type I (OFD1) is characterized by malformations of the face, oral cavity, and digits and is transmitted as an X-linked dominant condition with lethality in males. Thickened alveolar ridges and abnormal dentition, including absent lateral incisors, are additional characteristics of OFD1. The central nervous system may also be involved in as many as 40% of cases. Although these clinical features overlap those reported in other forms of orofaciodigital syndrome, OFD1 can easily be distinguished from among these by its X-linked dominant inheritance pattern and by polycystic kidney disease, which seems to be specific to type I (summary by Ferrante et al., 2001). Since the CXORF5 gene localizes to the centrosome and basal body of primary cilia, OFD1 is considered to be a ciliopathy (Chetty-John et al., 2010).  http://www.omim.org/entry/311200
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Oral-facial-digital syndrome is actually a group of related conditions that affect the development of the oral cavity (the mouth and teeth), facial features, and digits (fingers and toes).

Researchers have identified at least 13 potential forms of oral-facial-digital syndrome. The different types are classified by their patterns of signs and symptoms. However, the features of the various types overlap significantly, and some types are not well defined. The classification system for oral-facial-digital syndrome continues to evolve as researchers find more affected individuals and learn more about this disorder.

The signs and symptoms of oral-facial-digital syndrome vary widely. However, most forms of this disorder involve problems with development of the oral cavity, facial features, and digits. Most forms are also associated with brain abnormalities and some degree of intellectual disability.

Abnormalities of the oral cavity that occur in many types of oral-facial-digital syndrome include a split (cleft) in the tongue, a tongue with an unusual lobed shape, and the growth of noncancerous tumors or nodules on the tongue. Affected individuals may also have extra, missing, or defective teeth. Another common feature is an opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate). Some people with oral-facial-digital syndrome have bands of extra tissue (called hyperplastic frenula) that abnormally attach the lip to the gums.

Distinctive facial features often associated with oral-facial-digital syndrome include a split in the lip (a cleft lip); a wide nose with a broad, flat nasal bridge; and widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism).

Abnormalities of the digits can affect both the fingers and the toes in people with oral-facial-digital syndrome. These abnormalities include fusion of certain fingers or toes (syndactyly), digits that are shorter than usual (brachydactyly), or digits that are unusually curved (clinodactyly). The presence of extra digits (polydactyly) is also seen in most forms of oral-facial-digital syndrome.

Other features occur in only one or a few types of oral-facial digital syndrome. These features help distinguish the different forms of the disorder. For example, the most common form of oral-facial-digital syndrome, type I, is associated with polycystic kidney disease. This kidney disease is characterized by the growth of fluid-filled sacs (cysts) that interfere with the kidneys' ability to filter waste products from the blood. Other forms of oral-facial-digital syndrome are characterized by neurological problems, particular changes in the structure of the brain, bone abnormalities, vision loss, and heart defects.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/oral-facial-digital-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Polycystic kidney disease
MedGen UID:
9639
Concept ID:
C0022680
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of multiple cysts in both kidneys.
Ovarian cyst
MedGen UID:
14540
Concept ID:
C0029927
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of one or more cysts of the ovary.
Proteinuria
MedGen UID:
10976
Concept ID:
C0033687
Finding
Increased levels of protein in the urine.
Syndactyly
MedGen UID:
52619
Concept ID:
C0039075
Congenital Abnormality
Webbing or fusion of the fingers or toes, involving soft parts only or including bone structure. Bony fusions are referred to as "bony" syndactyly if the fusion occurs in a radio-ulnar axis. Fusions of bones of the fingers or toes in a proximo-distal axis are referred to as "symphalangism".
Polydactyly
MedGen UID:
57774
Concept ID:
C0152427
Congenital Abnormality
A congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of supernumerary fingers or toes.
Brachydactyly
MedGen UID:
67454
Concept ID:
C0221357
Congenital Abnormality
Digits that appear disproportionately short compared to the hand/foot. The word brachydactyly is used here to describe a series distinct patterns of shortened digits (brachydactyly types A-E). This is the sense used here.
Radial deviation of finger
MedGen UID:
322852
Concept ID:
C1836189
Finding
Bending or curvature of a finger toward the radial side (i.e., towards the thumb). The deviation is at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, and this finding is distinct from clinodactyly.
Short 2nd toe
MedGen UID:
867399
Concept ID:
C4021769
Anatomical Abnormality
Underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the second toe.
Clinodactyly
MedGen UID:
1644094
Concept ID:
C4551485
Congenital Abnormality
An angulation of a digit at an interphalangeal joint in the plane of the palm (finger) or sole (toe).
Vascular dilatation
MedGen UID:
8076
Concept ID:
C0002940
Pathologic Function
Abnormal outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of an atery, vein or the heart.
Abnormal heart morphology
MedGen UID:
6748
Concept ID:
C0018798
Congenital Abnormality
Any structural anomaly of the heart.
Hypertensive disorder
MedGen UID:
6969
Concept ID:
C0020538
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of chronic increased pressure in the systemic arterial system.
Short stature
MedGen UID:
87607
Concept ID:
C0349588
Finding
A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).
Pancreatic cysts
MedGen UID:
45293
Concept ID:
C0030283
Disease or Syndrome
A cyst of the pancreas that possess a lining of mucous epithelium.
Hepatic fibrosis
MedGen UID:
116093
Concept ID:
C0239946
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of excessive fibrous connective tissue in the liver. Fibrosis is a reparative or reactive process.
Hepatic cysts
MedGen UID:
82761
Concept ID:
C0267834
Disease or Syndrome
A cystic lesion located in the liver.
Hamartoma of tongue
MedGen UID:
98465
Concept ID:
C0431565
Finding
A benign (noncancerous) tumorlike malformation made up of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues that originates in the tongue.
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Hearing impairment
MedGen UID:
235586
Concept ID:
C1384666
Disease or Syndrome
A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound.
Hydrocephalus
MedGen UID:
9335
Concept ID:
C0020255
Disease or Syndrome
Hydrocephalus is an active distension of the ventricular system of the brain resulting from inadequate passage of CSF from its point of production within the cerebral ventricles to its point of absorption into the systemic circulation.
Myelomeningocele
MedGen UID:
7538
Concept ID:
C0025312
Congenital Abnormality
Protrusion of the meninges and portions of the spinal cord through a defect of the vertebral column.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Arachnoid cyst
MedGen UID:
86860
Concept ID:
C0078981
Disease or Syndrome
An extra-parenchymal and intra-arachnoidal collection of fluid with a composition similar to that of cerebrospinal fluid.
Corpus callosum, agenesis of
MedGen UID:
104498
Concept ID:
C0175754
Congenital Abnormality
The corpus callosum is the largest fiber tract in the central nervous system and the major interhemispheric fiber bundle in the brain. Formation of the corpus callosum begins as early as 6 weeks' gestation, with the first fibers crossing the midline at 11 to 12 weeks' gestation, and completion of the basic shape by age 18 to 20 weeks (Schell-Apacik et al., 2008). Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is one of the most frequent malformations in brain with a reported incidence ranging between 0.5 and 70 in 10,000 births. ACC is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition, which can be observed either as an isolated condition or as a manifestation in the context of a congenital syndrome (see MOLECULAR GENETICS and Dobyns, 1996). Also see mirror movements-1 and/or agenesis of the corpus callosum (MRMV1; 157600). Schell-Apacik et al. (2008) noted that there is confusion in the literature regarding radiologic terminology concerning partial absence of the corpus callosum, where various designations have been used, including hypogenesis, hypoplasia, partial agenesis, or dysgenesis.
Cerebral atrophy
MedGen UID:
116012
Concept ID:
C0235946
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.
Gray matter heterotopia
MedGen UID:
452349
Concept ID:
C0266491
Finding
Heterotopia or neuronal heterotopia are macroscopic clusters of misplaced neurons (gray matter), most often situated along the ventricular walls or within the subcortical white matter.
Hamartoma of hypothalamus
MedGen UID:
137970
Concept ID:
C0342418
Finding
Pallister-Hall-like syndrome (PHLS) is a pleiotropic autosomal recessive disorder characterized by phenotypic variability. Patients exhibit postaxial polydactyly as well as hypothalamic hamartoma, cardiac and skeletal anomalies, and craniofacial dysmorphisms. Hirschsprung disease has also been observed (Rubino et al., 2018; Le et al., 2020). Pallister-Hall syndrome (146510) is an autosomal dominant disorder with features overlapping those of PHLS, caused by mutation in the GLI3 gene (165240).
Cerebellar cyst
MedGen UID:
339835
Concept ID:
C1847762
Finding
Abnormal cortical gyration
MedGen UID:
343457
Concept ID:
C1856019
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormality of the gyri (i.e., the ridges) of the cerebral cortex of the brain.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Porencephalic cyst
MedGen UID:
906044
Concept ID:
C4082172
Disease or Syndrome
A cavity within the cerebral hemisphere, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, that communicates directly with the ventricular system.
Frontal bossing
MedGen UID:
67453
Concept ID:
C0221354
Congenital Abnormality
Bilateral bulging of the lateral frontal bone prominences with relative sparing of the midline.
Dolichocephaly
MedGen UID:
65142
Concept ID:
C0221358
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality of skull shape characterized by a increased anterior-posterior diameter, i.e., an increased antero-posterior dimension of the skull. Cephalic index less than 76%. Alternatively, an apparently increased antero-posterior length of the head compared to width. Often due to premature closure of the sagittal suture.
Microretrognathia
MedGen UID:
326907
Concept ID:
C1839546
Finding
A form of developmental hypoplasia of the mandible in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Cleft upper lip
MedGen UID:
40327
Concept ID:
C0008924
Congenital Abnormality
A gap or groove in the upper lip. This is a congenital defect resulting from nonfusion of tissues of the lip during embryonal development.
Carious teeth
MedGen UID:
8288
Concept ID:
C0011334
Disease or Syndrome
Caries is a multifactorial bacterial infection affecting the structure of the tooth. This term has been used to describe the presence of more than expected dental caries.
Enamel hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
3730
Concept ID:
C0011351
Disease or Syndrome
Developmental hypoplasia of the dental enamel.
Teeth, supernumerary
MedGen UID:
21210
Concept ID:
C0040457
Anatomical Abnormality
The presence of one or more teeth additional to the normal number.
Ankyloglossia
MedGen UID:
56288
Concept ID:
C0152415
Congenital Abnormality
Ankyloglossia, commonly known as 'tongue-tie,' is a congenital anomaly that occurs predominantly in males and is characterized by an abnormally short lingual frenulum. The phenotype varies from absence of clinical significance to rare complete ankyloglossia where the ventral part of the tongue is fused to the floor of the mouth (Klockars, 2007). Some patients also exhibit absence of lower incisors (Acevedo et al., 2010).
High palate
MedGen UID:
66814
Concept ID:
C0240635
Congenital Abnormality
Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).
Tongue nodules
MedGen UID:
116122
Concept ID:
C0241438
Finding
Bifid tongue
MedGen UID:
82731
Concept ID:
C0266111
Congenital Abnormality
Tongue with a median apical indentation or fork.
Downslanted palpebral fissures
MedGen UID:
98391
Concept ID:
C0423110
Finding
The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.
Telecanthus
MedGen UID:
140836
Concept ID:
C0423113
Finding
Distance between the inner canthi more than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, apparently increased distance between the inner canthi.
Lobulated tongue
MedGen UID:
140914
Concept ID:
C0431564
Congenital Abnormality
Multiple indentations and/or elevations on the edge and/or surface of the tongue producing an irregular surface contour.
Epicanthus
MedGen UID:
151862
Concept ID:
C0678230
Congenital Abnormality
Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).
Agenesis of permanent teeth
MedGen UID:
224851
Concept ID:
C1290511
Congenital Abnormality
A congenital defect characterized by the absence of one or more permanent teeth, including oligodontia, hypodontia, and adontia of the of permanent teeth.
Facial asymmetry
MedGen UID:
266298
Concept ID:
C1306710
Finding
An abnormal difference between the left and right sides of the face.
Underdeveloped nasal alae
MedGen UID:
322332
Concept ID:
C1834055
Congenital Abnormality
Thinned, deficient, or excessively arched ala nasi.
Wide nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
341441
Concept ID:
C1849367
Finding
Increased breadth of the nasal bridge (and with it, the nasal root).
Median cleft upper lip
MedGen UID:
342454
Concept ID:
C1850256
Congenital Abnormality
A type of cleft lip presenting as a midline (median) gap in the upper lip.
Alveolar ridge overgrowth
MedGen UID:
400802
Concept ID:
C1865598
Finding
Increased width of the alveolar ridges.
Cleft palate
MedGen UID:
756015
Concept ID:
C2981150
Congenital Abnormality
Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).
Alopecia
MedGen UID:
7982
Concept ID:
C0002170
Finding
A noncongenital process of hair loss, which may progress to partial or complete baldness.
Dry hair
MedGen UID:
75809
Concept ID:
C0277960
Finding
Hair that lacks the luster (shine or gleam) of normal hair.
Milia
MedGen UID:
87528
Concept ID:
C0345996
Anatomical Abnormality
Presence of multiple small cysts containing keratin (skin protein) and presenting as tiny pearly-white bumps just under the surface of the skin.
Sparse hair
MedGen UID:
1790211
Concept ID:
C5551005
Finding
Reduced density of hairs.
Hypertelorism
MedGen UID:
9373
Concept ID:
C0020534
Finding
Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVOrofaciodigital syndrome I
Follow this link to review classifications for Orofaciodigital syndrome I in Orphanet.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Poretti A, Vitiello G, Hennekam RC, Arrigoni F, Bertini E, Borgatti R, Brancati F, D'Arrigo S, Faravelli F, Giordano L, Huisman TA, Iannicelli M, Kluger G, Kyllerman M, Landgren M, Lees MM, Pinelli L, Romaniello R, Scheer I, Schwarz CE, Spiegel R, Tibussek D, Valente EM, Boltshauser E
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012 Jan 11;7:4. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-4. PMID: 22236771Free PMC Article
Klysik M
Pathol Res Pract 2008;204(2):77-88. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2007.10.013. PMID: 18312782
Couvreur-Lionnais S, Rousseau T, Laurent N, Thauvin-Robinet C, Senet-Lacombe E, Delezoïde AL, Mugneret F, Durand C, Faivre L, Sagot P
Prenat Diagn 2005 Feb;25(2):172-5. doi: 10.1002/pd.943. PMID: 15712337

Recent clinical studies

Diagnosis

Gunbay S, Zeytinoglu B, Ozkinay F, Ozkinay C, Oncag A
J Clin Pediatr Dent 1996 Summer;20(4):329-32. PMID: 9151628
Jorgenson RJ
Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1971 Jun;7(7):270. PMID: 5173222

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