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Spermatic cord torsion

MedGen UID:
52446
•Concept ID:
C0037856
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Testicular torsion; TORSION OF TESTICULAR CORD
SNOMED CT: Torsion of testis (81996005); Torsion of testicle (81996005); Testicular torsion (81996005); Torsion of spermatic cord (49198006)
 
HPO: HP:0100813
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0008541
OMIM®: 187400

Definition

Testicular torsion is when the spermatic cord to a testicle twists, cutting off the blood supply. The most common symptom is acute testicular pain. [from HPO]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Frontiers in pediatric testicular torsion: An integrated review of prevailing trends and management outcomes.
Osumah TS, Jimbo M, Granberg CF, Gargollo PC
J Pediatr Urol 2018 Oct;14(5):394-401. Epub 2018 Jul 21 doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.07.002. PMID: 30087037
Can haematologic parameters be used for differential diagnosis of testicular torsion and epididymitis?
Bitkin A, Aydın M, Özgür BC, Irkilata L, Akgunes E, Keles M, Sarıcı H, Atilla MK
Andrologia 2018 Feb;50(1) Epub 2017 May 12 doi: 10.1111/and.12819. PMID: 28497463
ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® acute onset of scrotal pain--without trauma, without antecedent mass.
Remer EM, Casalino DD, Arellano RS, Bishoff JT, Coursey CA, Dighe M, Fulgham P, Israel GM, Lazarus E, Leyendecker JR, Majd M, Nikolaidis P, Papanicolaou N, Prasad S, Ramchandani P, Sheth S, Vikram R, Karmazyn B
Ultrasound Q 2012 Mar;28(1):47-51. doi: 10.1097/RUQ.0b013e3182493c97. PMID: 22357246

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Spermatic cord torsion: a retrospective analysis.
Hayashi RM, Hidaka AK, Glina FPA, Smaidi K, Pazeto CL, Nascimento FJ, Baccaglini W, Leite PHB, Lopes Neto AC, Glina S
Einstein (Sao Paulo) 2023;21:eAO0238. Epub 2023 Jun 19 doi: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2023AO0238. PMID: 37341219Free PMC Article
Diagnosing with a TWIST: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Testicular Torsion Risk Score.
Qin KR, Qu LG
J Urol 2022 Jul;208(1):62-70. Epub 2022 Mar 3 doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000002496. PMID: 35238603
Testicular torsion in children.
Shunmugam M, Goldman RD
Can Fam Physician 2021 Sep;67(9):669-671. doi: 10.46747/cfp.6709669. PMID: 34521708Free PMC Article
High-risk Pediatric Emergencies.
Edwards BL, Dorfman D
Emerg Med Clin North Am 2020 May;38(2):383-400. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2020.01.004. PMID: 32336332
Pediatric Testicular Torsion.
Bowlin PR, Gatti JM, Murphy JP
Surg Clin North Am 2017 Feb;97(1):161-172. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2016.08.012. PMID: 27894425

Diagnosis

Neonatal testicular torsion.
Kylat RI, Ahmed MN
Afr J Paediatr Surg 2022 Jan-Mar;19(1):1-4. doi: 10.4103/ajps.AJPS_153_20. PMID: 34916342Free PMC Article
Testicular torsion in children.
Shunmugam M, Goldman RD
Can Fam Physician 2021 Sep;67(9):669-671. doi: 10.46747/cfp.6709669. PMID: 34521708Free PMC Article
Perinatal testicular torsion.
Kylat RI
Arch Pediatr 2021 Jan;28(1):75-79. Epub 2020 Dec 1 doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.10.006. PMID: 33277134
Acute Scrotal Emergencies.
Bourke MM, Silverberg JZ
Emerg Med Clin North Am 2019 Nov;37(4):593-610. Epub 2019 Aug 24 doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2019.07.002. PMID: 31563197
Testicular torsion: diagnosis, evaluation, and management.
Sharp VJ, Kieran K, Arlen AM
Am Fam Physician 2013 Dec 15;88(12):835-40. PMID: 24364548

Therapy

Role of antioxidants in preventing testicular ischemia‑reperfusion injury: a narrative review.
Li ZM
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022 Dec;26(24):9126-9143. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202212_30663. PMID: 36591825
Multiparametric US for scrotal diseases.
Bertolotto M, Muça M, Currò F, Bucci S, Rocher L, Cova MA
Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018 Apr;43(4):899-917. doi: 10.1007/s00261-018-1510-7. PMID: 29460046
Mechanisms of testicular torsion and potential protective agents.
Karaguzel E, Kadihasanoglu M, Kutlu O
Nat Rev Urol 2014 Jul;11(7):391-9. Epub 2014 Jun 17 doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.135. PMID: 24934447
Testicular torsion, oxidative stress and the role of antioxidant therapy.
Dokmeci D
Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2006;48(3-4):16-21. PMID: 17668692
Penile and testicular disorders.
Wren T
Nurs Clin North Am 2004 Jun;39(2):319-26. doi: 10.1016/j.cnur.2004.01.004. PMID: 15159182

Prognosis

New insights about prognosis of Spermatic Cord Torsion.
Michail A, Ioanna G, Euaggelia S, Ioannis T, Christina P, Ioannis P
Urologia 2023 Aug;90(3):559-562. Epub 2023 Feb 18 doi: 10.1177/03915603231155676. PMID: 36800923
Testicular torsion in children.
Shunmugam M, Goldman RD
Can Fam Physician 2021 Sep;67(9):669-671. doi: 10.46747/cfp.6709669. PMID: 34521708Free PMC Article
Prognosis of testicular torsion orchiopexy.
He M, Li M, Zhang W
Andrologia 2020 Feb;52(1):e13477. Epub 2019 Nov 12 doi: 10.1111/and.13477. PMID: 31713875
Testicular torsion: evaluation and management.
Lavallee ME, Cash J
Curr Sports Med Rep 2005 Apr;4(2):102-4. doi: 10.1097/01.csmr.0000306081.13064.a2. PMID: 15763047
Penile and testicular disorders.
Wren T
Nurs Clin North Am 2004 Jun;39(2):319-26. doi: 10.1016/j.cnur.2004.01.004. PMID: 15159182

Clinical prediction guides

Cut-off time for surgery and prediction of orchiectomy in spermatic cord torsion: a retrospective multicentric study over 15 years.
Seizilles de Mazancourt E, Khene Z, Sbizerra M, Kaulanjan K, Plassais C, Bardet F, Pinar U, Duquesne I, Margue G, Ali Benali N, Berchiche W, Gaillard C, Wandoren W, Manuguerra A, Dang VT, Mauger de Varennes A, Hulin M, Gaillard V, Dominique I, Michiels C, Grevez T, Felber M, Vallee M, Gondran-Tellier B, Freton L, Lannes F, Pradère B, Matillon X
World J Urol 2023 Dec;41(12):3789-3794. Epub 2023 Oct 28 doi: 10.1007/s00345-023-04671-x. PMID: 37897515
Scrotal Masses.
Langan RC, Puente MEE
Am Fam Physician 2022 Aug;106(2):184-189. PMID: 35977130
Diagnosing with a TWIST: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Testicular Torsion Risk Score.
Qin KR, Qu LG
J Urol 2022 Jul;208(1):62-70. Epub 2022 Mar 3 doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000002496. PMID: 35238603
Testicular torsion in children.
Shunmugam M, Goldman RD
Can Fam Physician 2021 Sep;67(9):669-671. doi: 10.46747/cfp.6709669. PMID: 34521708Free PMC Article
The theoretical method and clinical application of testicular torsion.
Li XL, Lu SY, Liu TT, Zhang QM, Zhang WP, Jia LQ
Int Urol Nephrol 2020 Jun;52(6):1009-1014. Epub 2020 Feb 12 doi: 10.1007/s11255-020-02382-5. PMID: 32052246

Recent systematic reviews

Unjumbling the TWIST score for testicular torsion: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Choudhury P, Saroya KK, Anand S, Agarwal P, Jain V, Dhua AK, Yadav DK, Agarwala S, Bajpai M, Mawar S, Afroz M, Verma V, Singh H, Goel P
Pediatr Surg Int 2023 Feb 22;39(1):137. doi: 10.1007/s00383-023-05401-5. PMID: 36811717
Diagnosing with a TWIST: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Testicular Torsion Risk Score.
Qin KR, Qu LG
J Urol 2022 Jul;208(1):62-70. Epub 2022 Mar 3 doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000002496. PMID: 35238603
Orchidopexy for Testicular Torsion: A Systematic Review of Surgical Technique.
Moore SL, Chebbout R, Cumberbatch M, Bondad J, Forster L, Hendry J, Lamb B, MacLennan S, Nambiar A, Shah TT, Stavrinides V, Thurtle D, Pearce I, Kasivisvanathan V
Eur Urol Focus 2021 Nov;7(6):1493-1503. Epub 2020 Aug 27 doi: 10.1016/j.euf.2020.07.006. PMID: 32863201
The bell-clapper deformity of the testis: The definitive pathological anatomy.
Taghavi K, Dumble C, Hutson JM, Mushtaq I, Mirjalili SA
J Pediatr Surg 2021 Aug;56(8):1405-1410. Epub 2020 Jun 25 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.023. PMID: 32762939
A systematic review and meta-analysis revealing realistic outcomes following paediatric torsion of testes.
MacDonald C, Kronfli R, Carachi R, O'Toole S
J Pediatr Urol 2018 Dec;14(6):503-509. Epub 2018 Oct 5 doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.09.017. PMID: 30404723

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