U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Influenza

MedGen UID:
9466
•Concept ID:
C0021400
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Orthomyxoviridae infectious disease
SNOMED CT: Influenza (6142004); Flu (6142004); Grippe (6142004)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0005812

Definition

An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract, occurring in isolated cases, in epidemics, or in pandemics; it is caused by serologically different strains of viruses (influenzaviruses) designated A, B, and C, has a 3-day incubation period, and usually lasts for 3 to 10 days. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, and conjunctiva; headache; myalgia; often fever, chills, and prostration; and occasionally involvement of the myocardium or central nervous system. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVInfluenza

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Myocarditis: A Review.
Ammirati E, Moslehi JJ
JAMA 2023 Apr 4;329(13):1098-1113. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.3371. PMID: 37014337
Management of Crohn Disease: A Review.
Cushing K, Higgins PDR
JAMA 2021 Jan 5;325(1):69-80. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.18936. PMID: 33399844Free PMC Article
Influenza: Diagnosis and Treatment.
Gaitonde DY, Moore FC, Morgan MK
Am Fam Physician 2019 Dec 15;100(12):751-758. PMID: 31845781

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Influenza and Universal Vaccine Research in China.
Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu L
Viruses 2022 Dec 30;15(1) doi: 10.3390/v15010116. PMID: 36680158Free PMC Article
Influenza vaccines: Past, present, and future.
Kim YH, Hong KJ, Kim H, Nam JH
Rev Med Virol 2022 Jan;32(1):e2243. Epub 2021 May 4 doi: 10.1002/rmv.2243. PMID: 33949021Free PMC Article
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: New Insights and Challenges.
McLean HQ, Belongia EA
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021 Jun 1;11(6) doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038315. PMID: 31988202Free PMC Article
Influenza: Diagnosis and Treatment.
Gaitonde DY, Moore FC, Morgan MK
Am Fam Physician 2019 Dec 15;100(12):751-758. PMID: 31845781
Influenza in Children.
Kumar V
Indian J Pediatr 2017 Feb;84(2):139-143. Epub 2016 Sep 19 doi: 10.1007/s12098-016-2232-x. PMID: 27641976

Diagnosis

Influenza.
Uyeki TM, Hui DS, Zambon M, Wentworth DE, Monto AS
Lancet 2022 Aug 27;400(10353):693-706. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00982-5. PMID: 36030813Free PMC Article
Influenza.
Dharmapalan D
Indian J Pediatr 2020 Oct;87(10):828-832. Epub 2020 Feb 11 doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03214-1. PMID: 32048225Free PMC Article
Influenza: Diagnosis and Treatment.
Gaitonde DY, Moore FC, Morgan MK
Am Fam Physician 2019 Dec 15;100(12):751-758. PMID: 31845781
Influenza in Children.
Kumar V
Indian J Pediatr 2017 Feb;84(2):139-143. Epub 2016 Sep 19 doi: 10.1007/s12098-016-2232-x. PMID: 27641976
Influenza.
Labella AM, Merel SE
Med Clin North Am 2013 Jul;97(4):621-45, x. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2013.03.001. PMID: 23809717

Therapy

Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections.
Zhao Y, Dong BR, Hao Q
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 Aug 24;8(8):CD006895. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub4. PMID: 36001877Free PMC Article
Burden-of-illness vaccine efficacy.
Callegaro A, Curran D, Matthews S
Pharm Stat 2020 Sep;19(5):636-645. Epub 2020 Mar 27 doi: 10.1002/pst.2020. PMID: 32220002Free PMC Article
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Efficacy of Short-Course Antibiotic Treatments for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults.
Tansarli GS, Mylonakis E
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018 Sep;62(9) Epub 2018 Aug 27 doi: 10.1128/AAC.00635-18. PMID: 29987137Free PMC Article
Influenza antivirals currently in late-phase clinical trial.
Koszalka P, Tilmanis D, Hurt AC
Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017 May;11(3):240-246. Epub 2017 Feb 28 doi: 10.1111/irv.12446. PMID: 28146320Free PMC Article
Oseltamivir treatment for influenza in adults: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Dobson J, Whitley RJ, Pocock S, Monto AS
Lancet 2015 May 2;385(9979):1729-1737. Epub 2015 Jan 30 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62449-1. PMID: 25640810

Prognosis

Prevalence of Influenza Among Hajj Pilgrims: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Safarpour H, Safi-Keykaleh M, Farahi-Ashtiani I, Bazyar J, Daliri S, Sahebi A
Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022 Jun;16(3):1221-1228. Epub 2021 Mar 24 doi: 10.1017/dmp.2020.472. PMID: 33757612
Recommended physical activity and all cause and cause specific mortality in US adults: prospective cohort study.
Zhao M, Veeranki SP, Magnussen CG, Xi B
BMJ 2020 Jul 1;370:m2031. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2031. PMID: 32611588Free PMC Article
Seasonal influenza in Spain: Clinical and economic burden and vaccination programmes.
Pérez-Rubio A, Platero L, Eiros Bouza JM
Med Clin (Barc) 2019 Jul 5;153(1):16-27. Epub 2019 Jan 6 doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.11.014. PMID: 30621906
Influenza.
Ferroni E, Jefferson T
BMJ Clin Evid 2011 Oct 21;2011 PMID: 22018418Free PMC Article
Annual summary of vital statistics: trends in the health of Americans during the 20th century.
Guyer B, Freedman MA, Strobino DM, Sondik EJ
Pediatrics 2000 Dec;106(6):1307-17. doi: 10.1542/peds.106.6.1307. PMID: 11099582

Clinical prediction guides

Recalibrating probabilistic forecasts of epidemics.
Rumack A, Tibshirani RJ, Rosenfeld R
PLoS Comput Biol 2022 Dec;18(12):e1010771. Epub 2022 Dec 15 doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010771. PMID: 36520949Free PMC Article
Clinical characteristics and outcomes in hospitalized adult influenza patients: an observational study from Norway 2014-2018.
Wæhre T, Tunheim G, Bodin JE, Laake I, Kvale D, Kran AB, Brekke H, Løken R, Oftung F, Mjaaland S, Dyrhol-Riise AM
Infect Dis (Lond) 2022 May;54(5):367-377. Epub 2022 Jan 4 doi: 10.1080/23744235.2021.2022196. PMID: 34983302
Challenges in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a point-of-view review.
Torres A, Chalmers JD, Dela Cruz CS, Dominedò C, Kollef M, Martin-Loeches I, Niederman M, Wunderink RG
Intensive Care Med 2019 Feb;45(2):159-171. Epub 2019 Jan 31 doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05519-y. PMID: 30706119Free PMC Article
A review of influenza detection and prediction through social networking sites.
Alessa A, Faezipour M
Theor Biol Med Model 2018 Feb 1;15(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s12976-017-0074-5. PMID: 29386017Free PMC Article
Influenza and other respiratory viruses: standardizing disease severity in surveillance and clinical trials.
Rath B, Conrad T, Myles P, Alchikh M, Ma X, Hoppe C, Tief F, Chen X, Obermeier P, Kisler B, Schweiger B
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017 Jun;15(6):545-568. Epub 2017 May 12 doi: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1295847. PMID: 28277820Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

COVID-19 and Respiratory Virus Co-Infections: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
Maltezou HC, Papanikolopoulou A, Vassiliu S, Theodoridou K, Nikolopoulou G, Sipsas NV
Viruses 2023 Mar 28;15(4) doi: 10.3390/v15040865. PMID: 37112844Free PMC Article
Efficacy and effectiveness of high-dose influenza vaccine in older adults by circulating strain and antigenic match: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lee JKH, Lam GKL, Shin T, Samson SI, Greenberg DP, Chit A
Vaccine 2021 Mar 15;39 Suppl 1:A24-A35. Epub 2021 Jan 7 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.004. PMID: 33422382
Barriers of Influenza Vaccination Intention and Behavior - A Systematic Review of Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy, 2005 - 2016.
Schmid P, Rauber D, Betsch C, Lidolt G, Denker ML
PLoS One 2017;12(1):e0170550. Epub 2017 Jan 26 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170550. PMID: 28125629Free PMC Article
Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, Belongia EA
Lancet Infect Dis 2012 Jan;12(1):36-44. Epub 2011 Oct 25 doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70295-X. PMID: 22032844
Global burden of respiratory infections due to seasonal influenza in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Nair H, Brooks WA, Katz M, Roca A, Berkley JA, Madhi SA, Simmerman JM, Gordon A, Sato M, Howie S, Krishnan A, Ope M, Lindblade KA, Carosone-Link P, Lucero M, Ochieng W, Kamimoto L, Dueger E, Bhat N, Vong S, Theodoratou E, Chittaganpitch M, Chimah O, Balmaseda A, Buchy P, Harris E, Evans V, Katayose M, Gaur B, O'Callaghan-Gordo C, Goswami D, Arvelo W, Venter M, Briese T, Tokarz R, Widdowson MA, Mounts AW, Breiman RF, Feikin DR, Klugman KP, Olsen SJ, Gessner BD, Wright PF, Rudan I, Broor S, Simões EA, Campbell H
Lancet 2011 Dec 3;378(9807):1917-30. Epub 2011 Nov 10 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61051-9. PMID: 22078723

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Genetic Testing Registry

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Related information

    • GTR
      Related information in GTR
    • GTR(Clinical)
      Clinical tests in GTR
    • MeSH
      Related Medical Subject Headings
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...