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MDK midkine [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 4192, updated on 4-Jan-2025

Summary

Official Symbol
MDKprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
midkineprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:6972
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000110492 MIM:162096; AllianceGenome:HGNC:6972
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
MK; ARAP; NEGF2
Summary
This gene encodes a member of a small family of secreted growth factors that binds heparin and responds to retinoic acid. The encoded protein promotes cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis, in particular during tumorigenesis. This gene has been targeted as a therapeutic for a variety of different disorders. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]
Expression
Broad expression in ovary (RPKM 88.5), endometrium (RPKM 55.5) and 14 other tissues See more
Orthologs
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Genomic context

See MDK in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
11p11.2
Exon count:
6
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 11 NC_000011.10 (46380784..46383837)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 11 NC_060935.1 (46536860..46539912)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 11 NC_000011.9 (46402334..46405387)

Chromosome 11 - NC_000011.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46312695-46313398 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3301 Neighboring gene cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 1 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46328063-46328758 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr11:46352624-46352765 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 4676 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3302 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46357769-46358498 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46360689-46361418 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 11965 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 4678 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 4679 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3303 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr11:46369312-46369525 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46369839-46370824 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46373336-46374190 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46374191-46375045 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46375046-46375899 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46377222-46378090 Neighboring gene diacylglycerol kinase zeta Neighboring gene CDK7 strongly-dependent group 2 enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46390736-46391935 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3306 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46401950-46402584 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3307 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 2210 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3309 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3310 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46411613-46412218 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46412219-46412822 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3312 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3311 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46414340-46415114 Neighboring gene microRNA 4688 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46428977-46429764 Neighboring gene cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 Neighboring gene autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46448914-46449505 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 19 Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:46467611-46468112 Neighboring gene microRNA 3160-1 Neighboring gene microRNA 3160-2

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Expression

  • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
  • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
  • BioProject: PRJNA270632
  • Publication: PMID 26076956
  • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

Bibliography

Related articles in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Phenotypes

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Association of IFIH1 and other autoimmunity risk alleles with selective IgA deficiency.
EBI GWAS Catalog

Pathways from PubChem

Interactions

General gene information

Clone Names

  • FLJ27379

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables chondroitin sulfate binding  
enables growth factor activity  
enables growth factor activity PubMed 
enables heparan sulfate binding PubMed 
enables heparin binding PubMed 
enables protein binding PubMed 
Items 1 - 25 of 62
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in T cell activation involved in immune response  
involved_in adrenal gland development  
involved_in behavioral fear response  
involved_in cell differentiation PubMed 
involved_in cerebellar granular layer development  
involved_in cerebral cortex development  
involved_in cytoskeleton organization  
involved_in defecation  
involved_in dentate gyrus development  
involved_in estrous cycle  
involved_in glial cell projection elongation  
involved_in intracellular signal transduction PubMed 
involved_in leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory response PubMed 
involved_in leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory response  
involved_in negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway  
involved_in negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process  
involved_in negative regulation of cell adhesion  
involved_in negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process  
involved_in negative regulation of inflammatory response to wounding  
involved_in negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of ossification  
involved_in negative regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation PubMed 
involved_in nervous system development PubMed 
involved_in oogenesis  
involved_in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription  
involved_in positive regulation of T cell differentiation  
involved_in positive regulation of artery morphogenesis  
involved_in positive regulation of blood vessel branching PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of cartilage development  
involved_in positive regulation of cell adhesion PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of cell division  
involved_in positive regulation of cell migration PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of hepatocyte proliferation  
involved_in positive regulation of inflammatory response PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of inflammatory response to wounding  
involved_in positive regulation of interleukin-12 production PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of keratinocyte proliferation PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell  
involved_in positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis  
involved_in positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis  
involved_in positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation  
involved_in positive regulation of neuron migration PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of neuron projection development PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of neuron projection development PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis  
involved_in positive regulation of neutrophil extravasation  
involved_in positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading  
involved_in positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation  
involved_in regulation of behavior  
involved_in regulation of bone remodeling  
involved_in regulation of chondrocyte differentiation  
involved_in response to auditory stimulus  
involved_in response to wounding  
involved_in short-term memory  
involved_in signal transduction PubMed 
involved_in tissue regeneration  
Items 1 - 25 of 62

General protein information

Preferred Names
midkine
Names
amphiregulin-associated protein
midgestation and kidney protein
neurite growth-promoting factor 2
neurite outgrowth-promoting factor 2
retinoic acid inducible factor

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001012333.3NP_001012333.1  midkine isoform a precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001012333.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC116021, AI494596, BC011704, BI915189, BM016739
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS7919.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P21741, Q2LEK4, Q9UCC7
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    E9PPJ5
    Related
    ENSP00000378932.1, ENST00000395565.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00193
    Location:37116
    PTN; Pleiotrophin / midkine family
  2. NM_001012334.2NP_001012334.1  midkine isoform a precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001012334.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longer isoform (a). Variants 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AI494596, AK130889
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS7919.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P21741, Q2LEK4, Q9UCC7
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    E9PPJ5
    Related
    ENSP00000352852.2, ENST00000359803.7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00193
    Location:37116
    PTN; Pleiotrophin / midkine family
  3. NM_001270550.1NP_001257479.1  midkine isoform a precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001257479.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC116021, AI494596, AK309963, CN266369
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS7919.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P21741, Q2LEK4, Q9UCC7
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    E9PPJ5
    Related
    ENSP00000385451.2, ENST00000405308.6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00193
    Location:37116
    PTN; Pleiotrophin / midkine family
  4. NM_001270551.3NP_001257480.1  midkine isoform a precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001257480.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (5) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC116021, AI494596, BF684205, BI915189, BX346163
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS7919.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P21741, Q2LEK4, Q9UCC7
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    E9PPJ5
    Related
    ENSP00000384034.1, ENST00000407067.1
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00193
    Location:37116
    PTN; Pleiotrophin / midkine family
  5. NM_001270552.3NP_001257481.1  midkine isoform b precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001257481.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (6) differs in the 5' UTR, and lacks an exon in the coding region, but maintains the reading frame, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (b) is shorter than isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AI494596, DQ323888
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS59226.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P21741
    Related
    ENSP00000378936.4, ENST00000395569.8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01091
    Location:2672
    PTN_MK_C; PTN/MK heparin-binding protein family, C-terminal domain
  6. NM_002391.6NP_002382.1  midkine isoform a precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_002382.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC116021, BC011704, BM887813
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS7919.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P21741, Q2LEK4, Q9UCC7
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    E9PPJ5
    Related
    ENSP00000378933.4, ENST00000395566.9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    smart00193
    Location:37116
    PTN; Pleiotrophin / midkine family

RNA

  1. NR_073039.3 RNA Sequence

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (7) uses an alternate 5' exon and lacks an internal exon, compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because it lacks an in-frame ORF, compared to variant 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AI494596, BM887813, CN266354

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000011.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    46380784..46383837
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060935.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    46536860..46539912
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
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