Enzymes
UniProtKB help_outline | 1,233 proteins |
Reaction participants Show >> << Hide
- Name help_outline carbamate Identifier CHEBI:13941 (Beilstein: 3903503; CAS: 302-11-4) help_outline Charge -1 Formula CH2NO2 InChIKeyhelp_outline KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M SMILEShelp_outline NC([O-])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 8 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline H+ Identifier CHEBI:15378 Charge 1 Formula H InChIKeyhelp_outline GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline [H+] 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 9,717 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline NH4+ Identifier CHEBI:28938 (CAS: 14798-03-9) help_outline Charge 1 Formula H4N InChIKeyhelp_outline QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O SMILEShelp_outline [H][N+]([H])([H])[H] 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 531 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline CO2 Identifier CHEBI:16526 (CAS: 124-38-9) help_outline Charge 0 Formula CO2 InChIKeyhelp_outline CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline O=C=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,032 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
RHEA:15649 | RHEA:15650 | RHEA:15651 | RHEA:15652 | |
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Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
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Publications
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Role of bicarbonate/CO2 in the inhibition of Escherichia coli growth by cyanate.
Kozliak E.I., Fuchs J.A., Guilloton M.B., Anderson P.M.
Cyanase is an inducible enzyme in Escherichia coli that catalyzes the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to give two CO2 molecules. The gene for cyanase is part of the cyn operon, which includes cynT and cynS, encoding carbonic anhydrase and cyanase, respectively. Carbonic anhydrase functions to ... >> More
Cyanase is an inducible enzyme in Escherichia coli that catalyzes the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to give two CO2 molecules. The gene for cyanase is part of the cyn operon, which includes cynT and cynS, encoding carbonic anhydrase and cyanase, respectively. Carbonic anhydrase functions to prevent depletion of cellular bicarbonate during cyanate decomposition (the product CO2 can diffuse out of the cell faster than noncatalyzed hydration back to bicarbonate). Addition of cyanate to the culture medium of a delta cynT mutant strain of E. coli (having a nonfunctional carbonic anhydrase) results in depletion of cellular bicarbonate, which leads to inhibition of growth and an inability to catalyze cyanate degradation. These effects can be overcome by aeration with a higher partial CO2 pressure (M. B. Guilloton, A. F. Lamblin, E. I. Kozliak, M. Gerami-Nejad, C. Tu, D. Silverman, P. M. Anderson, and J. A. Fuchs, J. Bacteriol. 175:1443-1451, 1993). The question considered here is why depletion of bicarbonate/CO2 due to the action of cyanase on cyanate in a delta cynT strain has such an inhibitory effect. Growth of wild-type E. coli in minimal medium under conditions of limited CO2 was severely inhibited, and this inhibition could be overcome by adding certain Krebs cycle intermediates, indicating that one consequence of limiting CO2 is inhibition of carboxylation reactions. However, supplementation of the growth medium with metabolites whose syntheses are known to depend on a carboxylation reaction was not effective in overcoming inhibition related to the bicarbonate deficiency induced in the delta cynT strain by addition of cyanate. Similar results were obtained with a deltacyn strain (since cyanase is absent, this strain does not develop a bicarbonate deficiency when cyanate is added); however, as with the deltacynT strain, a higher partial CO(2) pressure in the aerating gas or expression of carbonic anhydrase activity (which contributes to a higher intercellular concentration of bicarbonate/CO(2)) significantly reduced inhibition of growth. There appears to be competition between cyanate and bicarbonate/CO(2) at some unknown but very important site such that cyanate binding inhibits growth. These results suggest that bicarbonate/CO(2) plays a significant role in the growth of E. coli other than simply as a substrate for carboxylation reactions and that strains with mutations in the cyn operon provide a unique model system for studying aspects of the metabolism of bicarbonate/CO(2) and its regulation in bacteria. << Less
J Bacteriol 177:3213-3219(1995) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 2 other entries.
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Reaction of the N-terminal methionine residues in cyanase with diethylpyrocarbonate.
Anderson P.M., Korte J.J., Holcomb T.A.
Cyanase is an inducible enzyme in Escherichia coli that catalyzes the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to give ammonia and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is a decamer of identical subunits (M(r) = 17,000). Previous studies have shown that modification of either the single cysteine residue or the s ... >> More
Cyanase is an inducible enzyme in Escherichia coli that catalyzes the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to give ammonia and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is a decamer of identical subunits (M(r) = 17,000). Previous studies have shown that modification of either the single cysteine residue or the single histidine residue in each subunit gives an active decameric derivative that dissociates reversibly to inactive dimer derivative, indicating that decameric structure is required for activity and that the SH and imidazole groups are not required for catalytic activity [Anderson, P. M., Korte, J. J., Holcomb, T. A., Cho, Y.-G., Son, C.-M., & Sung, Y.-C. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 15036-15045]. Here the effects of reaction of the reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) with cyanase or mutant cyanases are reported. DEPC reacts stoichiometrically with the histidine residue and at one additional site in each subunit when the enzyme is in the inactive dimer form, preventing reactivation. DEPC reacts stoichiometrically (with the same result on reactivation) at only one site per subunit with the inactive dimer form of cyanase mutants in which the single histidine residue has been replaced by one of several different amino acids by site-directed mutagenesis; the site of the reaction was identified as the amino group of the N-terminal methionine. DEPC does not react with the histidine residue of the active decameric form of wild-type cyanase and does not affect activity of the active decameric form of wild-type or mutant cyanases. Reaction with the N-terminal amino group of methionine apparently prevents reactivation of the mutant enzymes by blocking association to decamer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) << Less
Biochemistry 33:14121-14125(1994) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 2 other entries.
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The Rut pathway for pyrimidine degradation: novel chemistry and toxicity problems.
Kim K.S., Pelton J.G., Inwood W.B., Andersen U., Kustu S., Wemmer D.E.
The Rut pathway is composed of seven proteins, all of which are required by Escherichia coli K-12 to grow on uracil as the sole nitrogen source. The RutA and RutB proteins are central: no spontaneous suppressors arise in strains lacking them. RutA works in conjunction with a flavin reductase (RutF ... >> More
The Rut pathway is composed of seven proteins, all of which are required by Escherichia coli K-12 to grow on uracil as the sole nitrogen source. The RutA and RutB proteins are central: no spontaneous suppressors arise in strains lacking them. RutA works in conjunction with a flavin reductase (RutF or a substitute) to catalyze a novel reaction. It directly cleaves the uracil ring between N-3 and C-4 to yield ureidoacrylate, as established by both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Although ureidoacrylate appears to arise by hydrolysis, the requirements for the reaction and the incorporation of (18)O at C-4 from molecular oxygen indicate otherwise. Mass spectrometry revealed the presence of a small amount of product with the mass of ureidoacrylate peracid in reaction mixtures, and we infer that this is the direct product of RutA. In vitro RutB cleaves ureidoacrylate hydrolytically to release 2 mol of ammonium, malonic semialdehyde, and carbon dioxide. Presumably the direct products are aminoacrylate and carbamate, both of which hydrolyze spontaneously. Together with bioinformatic predictions and published crystal structures, genetic and physiological studies allow us to predict functions for RutC, -D, and -E. In vivo we postulate that RutB hydrolyzes the peracid of ureidoacrylate to yield the peracid of aminoacrylate. We speculate that RutC reduces aminoacrylate peracid to aminoacrylate and RutD increases the rate of spontaneous hydrolysis of aminoacrylate. The function of RutE appears to be the same as that of YdfG, which reduces malonic semialdehyde to 3-hydroxypropionic acid. RutG appears to be a uracil transporter. << Less
J. Bacteriol. 192:4089-4102(2010) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 11 other entries.
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Structure of cyanase reveals that a novel dimeric and decameric arrangement of subunits is required for formation of the enzyme active site.
Walsh M.A., Otwinowski Z., Perrakis A., Anderson P.M., Joachimiak A.
<h4>Background</h4>Cyanase is an enzyme found in bacteria and plants that catalyzes the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide. In Escherichia coli, cyanase is induced from the cyn operon in response to extracellular cyanate. The enzyme is functionally active as ... >> More
<h4>Background</h4>Cyanase is an enzyme found in bacteria and plants that catalyzes the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide. In Escherichia coli, cyanase is induced from the cyn operon in response to extracellular cyanate. The enzyme is functionally active as a homodecamer of 17 kDa subunits, and displays half-site binding of substrates or substrate analogs. The enzyme shows no significant amino acid sequence homology with other proteins.<h4>Results</h4>We have determined the crystal structure of cyanase at 1.65 A resolution using the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) method. Cyanase crystals are triclinic and contain one homodecamer in the asymmetric unit. Selenomethionine-labeled protein offers 40 selenium atoms for use in phasing. Structures of cyanase with bound chloride or oxalate anions, inhibitors of the enzyme, allowed identification of the active site.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The cyanase monomer is composed of two domains. The N-terminal domain shows structural similarity to the DNA-binding alpha-helix bundle motif. The C-terminal domain has an 'open fold' with no structural homology to other proteins. The subunits of cyanase are arranged in a novel manner both at the dimer and decamer level. The dimer structure reveals the C-terminal domains to be intertwined, and the decamer is formed by a pentamer of these dimers. The active site of the enzyme is located between dimers and is comprised of residues from four adjacent subunits of the homodecamer. The structural data allow a conceivable reaction mechanism to be proposed. << Less
Structure 8:505-514(2000) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 2 other entries.
Comments
This reaction can occur spontaneously. RHEA:15649 part of RHEA:11120 RHEA:15649 part of RHEA:42620 RHEA:15649 part of RHEA:42624