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Distance esotropia

MedGen UID:
676680
•Concept ID:
C0730502
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Divergence insufficiency
SNOMED CT: Distance esotropia (313155007)
 
HPO: HP:0031762

Definition

An intermittent esotropia where binocular single vision is present on near fixation and an esotropia on distance fixation. Often associated with myopia and aging. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVDistance esotropia

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Divergence Insufficiency Esotropia: Surgical Treatment.
Pineles SL
Am Orthopt J 2015;65:35-9. doi: 10.3368/aoj.65.1.35. PMID: 26564924Free PMC Article
Subtenon injection of botulinum toxin for treatment of traumatic sixth nerve palsy.
Kao LY, Chao AN
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2003 Jan-Feb;40(1):27-30. doi: 10.3928/0191-3913-20030101-09. PMID: 12580268
Initial treatment outcomes in chronic sixth nerve palsy.
Holmes JM, Leske DA, Christiansen SP
J AAPOS 2001 Dec;5(6):370-6. doi: 10.1067/mpa.2001.120176. PMID: 11753258

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Prevalence and clinical characteristics of age-related distance esotropia.
Claxton MR, Bang GM, Martinez-Thompson J, Hodge DO, Mohney BG
Strabismus 2022 Sep;30(3):115-120. Epub 2022 Jul 7 doi: 10.1080/09273972.2022.2097707. PMID: 35799374Free PMC Article
Objective excyclotorsion in age-related distance esotropia.
Oohira A
Strabismus 2022 Jun;30(2):72-77. Epub 2022 Mar 31 doi: 10.1080/09273972.2022.2055091. PMID: 35354422
Clinical Classification of Acquired Concomitant Esotropia.
Gisselbaek S, Hoeckele N, Klainguti G, Kaeser PF
Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2021 Apr;238(4):482-487. Epub 2021 Apr 30 doi: 10.1055/a-1425-5017. PMID: 33930923
Age-related distance esotropia--fusional amplitudes and clinical course.
Oatts JT, Salchow DJ
Strabismus 2014 Jun;22(2):52-7. Epub 2014 Apr 22 doi: 10.3109/09273972.2014.904895. PMID: 24754801
Age-related distance esotropia.
Mittelman D
J AAPOS 2006 Jun;10(3):212-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2006.01.217. PMID: 16814172

Diagnosis

Prevalence and clinical characteristics of age-related distance esotropia.
Claxton MR, Bang GM, Martinez-Thompson J, Hodge DO, Mohney BG
Strabismus 2022 Sep;30(3):115-120. Epub 2022 Jul 7 doi: 10.1080/09273972.2022.2097707. PMID: 35799374Free PMC Article
Objective excyclotorsion in age-related distance esotropia.
Oohira A
Strabismus 2022 Jun;30(2):72-77. Epub 2022 Mar 31 doi: 10.1080/09273972.2022.2055091. PMID: 35354422
Increasing incidence and risk factors for divergence insufficiency esotropia.
Chen X, Marsh JD, Zafar S, Gerber EE, Guyton DL
J AAPOS 2021 Oct;25(5):278.e1-278.e6. Epub 2021 Sep 25 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.05.013. PMID: 34582959
Sagging eye syndrome.
Goseki T
Jpn J Ophthalmol 2021 Jul;65(4):448-453. Epub 2021 May 20 doi: 10.1007/s10384-021-00839-3. PMID: 34014448
Clinical Classification of Acquired Concomitant Esotropia.
Gisselbaek S, Hoeckele N, Klainguti G, Kaeser PF
Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2021 Apr;238(4):482-487. Epub 2021 Apr 30 doi: 10.1055/a-1425-5017. PMID: 33930923

Therapy

Botulinum toxin injection with and without electromyographic assistance for treatment of abducens nerve palsy: a pilot study.
Sanjari MS, Falavarjani KG, Kashkouli MB, Aghai GH, Nojomi M, Rostami H
J AAPOS 2008 Jun;12(3):259-62. Epub 2008 Apr 21 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2007.11.006. PMID: 18396081
Acquired distance esotropia associated with myopia.
Webb H, Lee J
Strabismus 2004 Sep;12(3):149-55. doi: 10.1080/09273970490489694. PMID: 15370522
Preoperative prism adaptation in acquired esotropia with convergence excess.
Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Trotter J, Watts P, Kraft SP, Abdolell M
J AAPOS 2003 Feb;7(1):28-33. doi: 10.1067/mpa.2003.S1091853102420174. PMID: 12690366
Subtenon injection of botulinum toxin for treatment of traumatic sixth nerve palsy.
Kao LY, Chao AN
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2003 Jan-Feb;40(1):27-30. doi: 10.3928/0191-3913-20030101-09. PMID: 12580268
Initial treatment outcomes in chronic sixth nerve palsy.
Holmes JM, Leske DA, Christiansen SP
J AAPOS 2001 Dec;5(6):370-6. doi: 10.1067/mpa.2001.120176. PMID: 11753258

Prognosis

Prevalence and Clinical Features of Sagging Eye Syndrome in Korean Patients.
Park BC, Kim DH
Korean J Ophthalmol 2022 Apr;36(2):138-146. Epub 2022 Jan 24 doi: 10.3341/kjo.2021.0124. PMID: 35067024Free PMC Article
Increasing incidence and risk factors for divergence insufficiency esotropia.
Chen X, Marsh JD, Zafar S, Gerber EE, Guyton DL
J AAPOS 2021 Oct;25(5):278.e1-278.e6. Epub 2021 Sep 25 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.05.013. PMID: 34582959
Long-term evolution of age-related distance esotropia.
Godts D, Deboutte I, Mathysen DGP
J AAPOS 2018 Apr;22(2):97-101. Epub 2018 Mar 15 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.12.010. PMID: 29551605
Age-related distance esotropia--fusional amplitudes and clinical course.
Oatts JT, Salchow DJ
Strabismus 2014 Jun;22(2):52-7. Epub 2014 Apr 22 doi: 10.3109/09273972.2014.904895. PMID: 24754801
Age-related distance esotropia.
Mittelman D
J AAPOS 2006 Jun;10(3):212-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2006.01.217. PMID: 16814172

Clinical prediction guides

Demographic and clinical characteristics of age-related distance esotropia.
Fong JW, Chacko JG
J AAPOS 2023 Jun;27(3):145.e1-145.e3. Epub 2023 May 12 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2023.04.004. PMID: 37182653
Clinical Classification of Acquired Concomitant Esotropia.
Gisselbaek S, Hoeckele N, Klainguti G, Kaeser PF
Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2021 Apr;238(4):482-487. Epub 2021 Apr 30 doi: 10.1055/a-1425-5017. PMID: 33930923
Prevalence of Sagging Eye Syndrome in Adults with Binocular Diplopia.
Goseki T, Suh SY, Robbins L, Pineles SL, Velez FG, Demer JL
Am J Ophthalmol 2020 Jan;209:55-61. Epub 2019 Sep 14 doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.09.006. PMID: 31526795Free PMC Article
Long-term evolution of age-related distance esotropia.
Godts D, Deboutte I, Mathysen DGP
J AAPOS 2018 Apr;22(2):97-101. Epub 2018 Mar 15 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.12.010. PMID: 29551605
Surgical correction of an inferiorly displaced lateral rectus with equatorial myopexy.
Clark TY, Clark RA
J AAPOS 2016 Oct;20(5):446.e1-446.e3. Epub 2016 Sep 22 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2016.05.020. PMID: 27667372

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